Umhlakahlo

Omunye wemifanekiso emikhulu, enengiliziwe encwadini ka- Andreas Vesalius ethi *De humani corporis fabrica* 16th century, ephawula ukuzalwa kabusha komhlakahlo.

Umhlakahlo (igama elivela esenzweni sokuhlakahla noma ukuhlahlela) igatsha lomchazampilo omayelana nokufundwa kohlaka lweziphili namalunga azo omzimba. Umhlakahlo igatsha lwenzululwazi yemvelo ebhekelele ukuhlangana kohlaka lwezinto eziphilayo. Lena inzululwazi endala, eyaqala ezikhathini zanguna. Umhlakahlo uyamaniswa nokuthuthukiswa komchazampilo, umchazahlule (embryology), umhlakahlo oqhathanisekayo, umchampilo wokuthubeka (evolutionary biology), kanye phylogeny, njengoba lezi kuyizinqubo zokuphehla umhlakahlo, kokubili esikhathini esiseduze nasasikhathini eside. Umhlakahlo kanye nochazomzimba zicwaninga uhlaka nokusebenza kweziphili nezitho zazo, futhi ziwambhangqana wemikhakha ongokwemvelo, kaningi efundelwa ndawonye. Umhlakahlo womuntu uyinzululwazi eyisisekelo esetshenziswayo kwezokwelapha.

Umkhakha womhlakahlo wehlukaniswe waba izigaba ezimbili, owesimonkulu nowesimoncinci. Umhlakahlo wesimonkulu, noma umhlakahlo ophelele, uwukuvivnywa komzimba kwezitho zesilwane ngeso elingalekelelwe. Umhlakahlo ophelele ubandakanya nomukhakha womhlakahlo mbulu. Umhlakahlo wesimoncinci uhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zokubona ekucwaningeni izicubu zezinhlakacezingafani, waziwa ngokuthi umchaza (histology), kanye nokufundwa kwamangqamuzana.

Umlando womhlakahlo waziwa ngokuba nokuqombola okuqonda imisebenzi yezitho nezinhlaka zomzimba womuntu. Izindlelasu seziye zathuthukiswa ngokuphawulekayo, zithuthuka kusuka ekuvivinyweni kwezilwane ngokuhlakahlela izidumbu zazo kuya ebuchwephesheni banamuhla bokuthwebula kwezokwelapha, ezihlanganisa amagu-X, umsindothule kanye nobuwonga.

uMsuka nencasiselo

Umhlakahlo, ibizo elisuselwa esenzweni "sokuhlakahla" esisho ukuhlinza nokucwiya, njengalapho kuhlakahlwa isilwane, sisikwa ukuze kuvele izibilini zaso nohlaka lokwakheka kwaso ngaphakathi. Umhlakahlo uyisifundo senzululwazi sohlaka lweziphili kanye nokuhleleka kwazo, izitho zazo kanye nezicubi zazo. Uhlanganisa ummomo nokuma kwezitho ezihlukene, izithako ezakhiwe ngazo, kanye nokuhlobana kwazo nezinye izitho. Umhlakahlo uyehluka kuchazomzimba nakumchazaziqa, ezibhekelele izinsebenzo zalezo zitho kanye nezinqubo zevanga ezihilelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, osomhlakahlo banaka umumo, ubungako, isikhundla, uhlaka, ukuhamba kwegazi kwesitho esifana nesibindi, kuyilapho abachazimzimba banaka ukukhiqizela kwenyongo, iqhaza lesibindi ekwakhekeni komsoco nasekulawuleni ukusebenza komzimba.