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Umthalakazi

Hlela izixhumanisi
Mayelana Wikipedia
Umthalakazi oyingoqela i-NGC 4414, osesishomeni Coma Berenices, ungukukhanyabanga okuyizi-55,000 ukulungazingoni namacishelo okukhanyabanga okuyizigidi ezingama-60 kusuka kuNomkhubuleane.

Umthalakazi uhlelo lwezinkanyezi, izinsalela zezinkanyezi, uhowo lwenqekei, uthunqathunqa, injelwane, zonke ezihlanganiswe ndawonye umnyondo . Imithalakazi enezinkanyezi ezingaba izigidi eziyi-100, ziyahluka ngobukhulu kusuka kuleyo eyizichwe enezinkanyezi ezingaphansi kwezigidi eziyikhulu, kuya kwimithalakazi emikhulu eyaziwayo – amaqhamelakazi anezinkanyezi ezingaba izaca eziyikhulu (one hundred trillion), ezizungeza umnyombo wesisindo womthalakazi wazo. Ingxenye enkulu yesisindo somthalakazi sakhiwa injelwane (dark matter), kuyilapho ingxenye encane yesisindo ibonakala ngesimo sezinkanyezi nemiqongo. Izigwinqa ezinkulu ziwulwangu oluvamile lweminyombo yemithalakazi.

Kunezinhlobo ezingafani zemithalakazi ezihlelwe ngokubukeka kwazo noma ummumo wazo. Kukhona:

* umthalakazi omakhophelana

Umzilafasimbe uyisibonelo somthalakazi oyingoqela.

uMsukagama

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Elithi umthalakazi livela kwelithi umthala, elalibhekisela esixhekeni sezinkanyezi, nhengesishomo noma umthende woMzilafasimbe ebusuku. Ngenxa yokuthi umthala kwakuyibizo elijwayelekile lesishomo, ingakho kwajotshelelwa ngesijobelelo 'kazi' ukuthi kucaciswe ukuthi lapha akukhulunywa ngesixheke esikhulu esiyisishomo,Kodwa kukhulunywa ngentilibathwa yezinkanyezi ezedlula isishomo noma umthala. Ingskho kuthiwa umthalakazi.

Izinhlobo zemithalakazi

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Izinhlobo zemithalakazi ngokwehlelo lukaHubble lokujinja izinkanyezi : uphawu E likhomba uhlobo lomthalakazi omakhophelana ; uphawu S olomthalakzi ogoqele; uphawu SB olumthalakazi ogoqelekutu

Imithalakazi itholakala ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: olumakhophelana, olugoqele, nolumfihlimfihli. Ngokujinji lukaHubble, imithalakazi ichaziswa ngokommomo wayo.

Omakhophelana

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Uhlelo lukaHubble lokujinja ilinganisa imithalakazi emakhophelana ezingeni lobukhophelana, kusuka kunani E0 kuya enanani E7. Lemithalakazi ngokwendalo imise okombhoxo, ayiyona imbulunga ephelele, futhi inoTho oluncane kakhulu lwenqeke. Le mithalakazi inezisheke ezivulekile eziphansi futhi inamazinga aphansi owakheka kwezinkanyezi.[1]

Ogoqele

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Umthalakazi indingilizi, NGC 5457, ungumthalakazi ogoqele[2]

Imithalakazi egoqele inenswebu yendingilizi yokudlala. Nakuba izinkanyezi nezinye izithako zato ezibonakalayo eziqukethwe kulomthalakazi zimi okwesicaba, iningi lesisindo lawo lusemqheleni wawo oluyimbulunga yoThonzima olunwebekela lapho lungasabonwa khona.[3]

Imithalakazi egoqele inenkatha endiyazayo yezinkanyezi nothilunqathunqa, kanye nomnyombo oyingqumu yezinkanyezi ezindala. kusuka engqumeni Kiya phandle, kunezingalo ezikhazimulayo. Ngokohlelo lukaHubble lokujinja, imithalakazi egoqele isohlwini lohlobo S, lulandelwe unobumba oyedwa kulaba (a, b, or c) okukhomba izinga lokukhinyeka kwezingalo kanye nobungako bengqumu.[4] Ijubane umthalakazi ondiyaza ngalo kucatshangwa ukuthi lihlobene nobucaba benkatha njengoba eminye imithalakazi inengqumu elugqinsi, kuyilapho eminye inengqumu elubunda noma elukhuhle.[5][6]

NGC 1300, isibonelo somthalakazi ogoqele olukutu
Hoag's Object, an example of a ring galaxy

Umthalakazi ogoqele olukutu

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Iningi lemithalakazi egoqele, kuhlanganisa noMzilafasimbe, inezingalo ezilukutu, ezinwebekela ngaphandle emaceleni amabili womntombo.[7] Kuhlelo lukaHubble lokujinja, lemithalakazi inophawu SB, olulandelwa unobumba (a, b or c) olukhomba uhlobo lwezingalo. Ukutu kucatshangwa ukuthi uhlaka lwesikhashane oluwumphumela wobukhuhle beZa eliyonzela phandle kusuka emnyombweni.[8] Iningi lemithalakazi egoqele elukutu iyaqhebeza, ngenxa yomphumela wohowo olufakwa kusuka emnyombweni.[9]

Umthalakazi wethu, uMzilafasimbe, ungumthalakazi oqogele olukutu omkhulu osandingilizi[10] [11] [12]


Ezinye izinhlobo zemithalakzi

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Amaphathelelo

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  1. ↑ Barstow, M. A. (2005). "Elliptical Galaxies". Leicester University Physics Department. Archived from the original on 2012-07-29. Kulandwe ngomhlaka June 8, 2006.
  2. ↑ König, Michael; Binnewies, Stefan (2017). The Cambridge Photographic Atlas of Galaxies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107189485.
  3. ↑ Williams, M. J.; ((Bureau)), M.; Cappellari, M. (2010). "Kinematic constraints on the stellar and dark matter content of spiral and S0 galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 400 (4): 1665–1689. arXiv:0909.0680. Bibcode 2009MNRAS.400.1665W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15582.x.
  4. ↑ Smith, Gene (March 6, 2000). "Galaxies — The Spiral Nebulae". University of California, San Diego Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka November 30, 2006. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Obreschkow, D.; Glazebrook, K. (2014-02-28). "Fundamental Mass-Spin-Morphology Relation of Spiral Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal 784 (1): 26. arXiv:1312.4543. Bibcode 2014ApJ...784...26O. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/26. ISSN 0004-637X. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/26.
  6. ↑ "Fat or flat: Getting galaxies into shape". Phys.org. February 27, 2014. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021.4
  7. ↑ Eskridge, P. B.; Frogel, J. A. (1999). "What is the True Fraction of Barred Spiral Galaxies?". Astrophysics and Space Science 269/270: 427–430. Bibcode 1999Ap&SS.269..427E. doi:10.1023/A:1017025820201.
  8. ↑ Bournaud, F.; Combes, F. (2002). "Gas accretion on spiral galaxies: Bar formation and renewal". Astronomy & Astrophysics 392 (1): 83–102. arXiv:astro-ph/0206273. Bibcode 2002A&A...392...83B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020920.
  9. ↑ Knapen, Johan H.; Perez-Ramirez, Daniel; Laine, Seppo (2002). "Circumnuclear regions in barred spiral galaxies — II. Relations to host galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 337 (3): 808–828. arXiv:astro-ph/0207258. Bibcode 2002MNRAS.337..808K. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05840.x.
  10. ↑ Alard, Christophe (2001). "Another bar in the Bulge". Astronomy and Astrophysics Letters 379 (2): L44–L47. arXiv:astro-ph/0110491. Bibcode 2001A&A...379L..44A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011487.
  11. ↑ Sanders, Robert (January 9, 2006). "Milky Way galaxy is warped and vibrating like a drum" (Press release). University of California, Berkeley. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/01/09_warp.shtml. Retrieved May 24, 2006.
  12. ↑ Bell, G. R.; Levine, S. E. (1997). "Mass of the Milky Way and Dwarf Spheroidal Stream Membership". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 29 (2): 1384. Bibcode 1997AAS...19110806B.
  13. ↑ Gerber, R. A.; Lamb, S. A.; Balsara, D. S. (1994). "Ring Galaxy Evolution as a Function of "Intruder" Mass". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 26: 911. Bibcode 1994AAS...184.3204G.
  14. ↑ "ISO unveils the hidden rings of Andromeda" (Press release). European Space Agency. October 14, 1998. http://www.iso.vilspa.esa.es/outreach/esa_pr/andromed.htm. Retrieved May 24, 2006.
  15. ↑ "Spitzer Reveals What Edwin Hubble Missed" (Press release). Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. May 31, 2004. http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/press/pr0419.html. Retrieved December 6, 2006.
  16. ↑ Barstow, M. A. (2005). "Irregular Galaxies". University of Leicester. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Kulandwe ngomhlaka December 5, 2006.
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