Umxube
UmXube, noma umxube wevanga noma isiqa esiwumxube, yisiqa esakhiwa imizwayi eminingi efanayo equkethe amachwe avela ezinhlweni ezihlanganiswe ndawonye umnqalo wevanga. Imizwayi enamachwe enhlwa eyodwa akuyona umXube. Umxube ungadluliselwa kwesinye isiqa ngokusabela kwevanga, okungabandakanya ukunanana nezinye iziqa. Kulenqubo, iminqalo ephakathi kwamachwe ingagqashuka futhi/noma kwakheke iminqalo emisha.
Kunezinhlobo ezine ezinkulu zemixube, ezihlukaniseka ngendlela amachwe aqalangene ngayo ndawonye. Imixube yemizwayi, ehlanganiswe iminqalonzuba (covalent bonds); imixube yesihonyo yona ihlanganiswe iminqalo yesihonyo; imixube yenkimbi yona ehlanganiswe iminqalo yenkimbi.
Isicabayo sevange yisona esicacisa inani lamachwe enhlwa ngayinye kumxube womzwayi, kusetshenziswa izimpawu zevange neziqakaqwana ezingamanani. EMhlabeni wonke, kunemixube yevange eyizi-350,000 (ehlanganisa nezingxube zeziqa) ezibhalisiwe ukuba zingakhoqizwa futhi zisetshenziswe.
Izincasiselo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Noma yisiphi isiqa esinezinhlobo zamachwe ezinhlwa amabili kuya phezulu ahlukene ngokwesilinganiso esimisiwe sesihlolazinhlwa (stoichiometric) singabizwa ngomXube; leligama lenza umqondo lapho sicubungula iziqa ezicwebileyo.[1]: 15 [2][3] Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zakhiwa izilinganiso ezimisiwe ezinhlobo zamachwe amabili kuya phezulu ezingaguqula imiXube yevange, ngokusabela kwevange, kube imiXube nona iziqa eznaachwe ambalwa.[4] Isicabayo sevange indlela yokuveza ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene nezilinganiso zamachwe akha umXube wevange, kusetshenziswa uphawu kwevange olumelela inhlwa yevange, neziqakaqwana ezimelela inani lamachwe akhona. Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi akhiwa amachwe weHwanzi amabili aqalangene nexhwe lesOhwe elilodwa: Isicabayo sevange similar kanje H2O.
ImiXube yevange inohlaka lwevange oluyingqayizivele noluchasisiwe olubanjwe ndawonye ngohlelo oluchasisiswe leminqalo yevange. ImiXube yevange ingabe imiXube yemizwayi eqalangwe umnqalonzuba, amatswayi wona aqalangwe iminqalo yesihonyo.[5] Izinhlwa zevange ngokuvamile sithathwa njengemiXube yevange, zihlumba ezimfunekweni ezimbili, nakuba zinemizwayi equkethe amachwe amaningi.
uMlando wesicabango
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]uRobert Boyle
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Igama lesizulu elithi "umXube"—lisetshenziswa ukuhumusha elithi compound elisho ivange noma ingxubevange ehlayizwe kahle, eziqa ezixutshwe kahle. Nakuba umehluko phakathi komXube nengxube ungacacile kahle, umehluko ophakathi kwelithi Inhlwa yevange nomXube wona ucacile.
Amaphathelelo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]- ↑ Whitten, Kenneth W.; Davis, Raymond E.; Peck, M. Larry (2000), General Chemistry (6th ed.), Fort Worth, TX: Saunders College Publishing/Harcourt College Publishers, ISBN 978-0-03-072373-5
- ↑ Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, H. Eugene; Bursten, Bruce E.; Murphy, Catherine J.; Woodward, Patrick (2013), Chemistry: The Central Science (3rd ed.), Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson/Prentice Hall, pp. 5–6, ISBN 9781442559462, https://books.google.com/books?id=zSziBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6, retrieved 2020-12-08
- ↑ Hill, John W.; Petrucci, Ralph H.; McCreary, Terry W.; Perry, Scott S. (2005), General Chemistry (4th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, p. 6, ISBN 978-0-13-140283-6, http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/academic/product/0,3110,0131402838,00.html
- ↑ Wilbraham, Antony; Matta, Michael; Staley, Dennis; Waterman, Edward (2002), Chemistry (1st ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, p. 36, ISBN 978-0-13-251210-7, https://archive.org/details/prenticehallchem0000wilb/page/36
- ↑ Atkins, Peter; Jones, Loretta (2004). Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight. W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-5701-6.