Ulimi lwezandla lwaseningizimu Afrika

Ulimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika (i- SASL, isiBhunu: Suid-Afrikaanse Gebaretaal Ulimi lwezandla oluyinhloko olusetshenziswa ngabantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika . Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika wengeze uPhiko Lukazwelonke Lwezilimi loLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika ngo-2001.I-SASL akuyona kuphela ulimi lwezandla olusetshenziswa eNingizimu Afrika kepha yilona limi olukhuthazwayo njengolimi oluzosetshenziswa ngabantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika, ^[1] yize abantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika ngokomlando musa ukwakha iqembu elilodwa.

Ngo-1995, uMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezithulu wangaphambilini waseNingizimu Afrika (i-SANCD) waguqulwa waba yi-Deaf Federation of South Africa (DeafSA),okwaholela ekuguqulweni kwenqubomgomo enkulu ezindabeni zabantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika, njenge ukuthuthukiswa nokwamukelwa kolimi lwezandla olulodwa kanye nokukhuthazwa kolimi lwezandla ngaphezu komlomo. Izikole zabayizithulu zihlala zingenazinguquko, kodwa-ke, futhi izikole ezahlukahlukene zezingane eziyizithulu eNingizimu Afrika zisasebenzisa izindlela ezehlukene zolimi lwezandla, futhi ezikoleni eziningi zezithulu ukusetshenziswa kwanoma yiluphi ulimi lwezandla kuyadumazeka noma akufundiswa nje. ^[2] Kunezinhlelo ezingaba yishumi nambili ezehlukene zolimi olukhulunywa ngomlomo eNingizimu Afrika.

Ngaphezu kwezilimi zezandla zaseNingizimu Afrika, uLimi Lwezandla LwaseMelika (ASL) lusetshenziswa futhi ngabantu abathile abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika. Izilimi eziningi zezandla zakuleli eNingizimu Afrika zikhombisa umthelela woLimi Lwezandla LwaseMelika.

I-SASL wulimi lwezandla olusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokusakazwa kwezindaba zethelevishini eNingizimu Afrika. Ulimi lwezandla luyasetshenziswa futhi ephalamende laseNingizimu Afrika, kodwa abahumushi abehlukene bolimi lwezandla baziwa ngokusebenzisa izimpawu ezahlukahlukene emiqondweni efanayo.Kunezikole ezungeze ama-40 zezithulu eNingizimu Afrika, iningi lazo lisebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo ze-SASL.

Ulimi lwezandla luchazwe ngokusobala kumthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika, kanti iSouth African Schools Act ivumela ukuthi kufundwe lolu limi esikhundleni solunye ulimi olusemthethweni esikoleni. ^[3] ^[4]

Ngo-2011, bekunabahumushi abangama-84 be-SASL kwirejista yabahumushi be-DeafSA, okubandakanya abangu-43 ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa, abangama-31 asebephothule amahora angu-240 okuqeqeshwa kwabahumushi, kwathi abangu-10 abathole ulwazi olungeziwe lweminyaka emithathu futhi baphothula amanye amahora angama-480 okufunda. Kutolika abayi-7 be-SASL empeleni bagunyazwe yi-SATI / DeafSA. Abahumushi be-SASL bangafaka isicelo sokuqinisekiswa ngaphandle kokuphothula ukuqeqeshwa okusemthethweni ku-SASL.

Isimo

ULimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika alufani ngokuphelele futhi luyaqhubeka nokuguquka. Ngenxa yokusabalala kwendawo kwabasebenzisi bayo kanye nezinqubomgomo zemfundo ezedlule, kukhona izilimi ezithile zasendaweni zoLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika nezimpawu ezinokuhlukahluka okuningi. Imizamo yangaphambilini yokwenziwa kwempahla eyinkomba nokulinganisa ulimi, njengezincwadi ^[5] (1980 Ukukhuluma Nezithulu, ^[6] 1994 Dictionary of SASL ^[7] ), ingasetshenziswa kuphela njengamarekhodi omlando wolimi. Ukusakazwa kwansuku zonke kwe-TV ngolimi lwezandla kunikeza uLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika lwanamuhla ubumbano nobunye balo.

Ukuqashelwa okusemthethweni

Kukhulunywa ngolimi lwezandla emithethweni emine yaseNingizimu Afrika, okuyi-Constitution, i-Use of Official Languages Act, i-South African Schools Act, ne-Pan South African Language Board Act.

Ukuqashelwa okujwayelekile

UMthethosisekelo uthi ibhodi elibizwa ngePan South African Language Board kufanele lisungulwe ukuze "likhuthaze, futhi lenze imibandela, yokuthuthukisa nokusetshenziswa kolimi lwezandla". ^[8] Ngokomthetho osungula iPan South African Language Board (Umthetho 59 we-1995), ibhodi lingasungula izinhlangano zolimi ukuze zileluleke "nganoma yiluphi ulimi oluthile, ulimi lwezandla noma ukuxhumana okungeziwe nokwenye ukuxhumana".

Ngokomthetho Wokusetshenziswa Kwezilimi Ezisemthethweni, uMthetho Nombolo 12 wezi-2012, yonke iminyango kahulumeni nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kumele zibe nenqubomgomo yolimi ethi yiziphi izilimi ezibhekwa njengezilimi ezisemthethweni zalelo bhizinisi, futhi inqubomgomo yolimi ngalunye kumele icacise nokuthi umnyango noma inhlangano ihlose ukuxhumana nabantu abalulimi abalukhethayo "ulimi lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika".

Alukho uLimi Lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika noma olunye ulimi lwezandla olungelona ulimi olusemthethweni eNingizimu Afrika . Ngo-2008 iNgqungquthela Yokusebenzisa Inqubomgomo ye-SASL yaqoqa ababambiqhaza abaningi ababalulekile okubandakanya izifundiswa, abacwaningi kanye nothisha, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, abameli kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukukhuthaza uLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika ukuze lwaziwe njengolimi olusemthethweni lweshumi nambili lwaseNingizimu Afrika.

Ukuqashelwa kwezemfundo

NgokoMthetho Wezikole waseNingizimu Afrika, uMthetho 84 ka-1996, zonke izikole kumele zibe nenqubomgomo yolimi, nokuthi uma kukhethwa izilimi zenqubomgomo enjalo, "uLimi Lwezimpawu olwaziwayo" kufanele lucutshungulwe kube sengathi lunolimi olusemthethweni kanye ezinye izilimi eziyishumi nanye ezisemthethweni.

Ngokwenqubomgomo "yolimi kwezemfundo" ngokwesigaba 3 (4) (m) soMthetho Kazwelonke Wenqubomgomo Yezemfundo, Umthetho 27 ka-1996, izinhloso ezinkulu zenqubomgomo yoMnyango Wezemfundo yolimi kwezemfundo zifaka phakathi "ukuxhasa ukufundiswa nokufundwa kwazo zonke ezinye izilimi ezidingwa ngabafundi noma ezisetshenziswa yimiphakathi eNingizimu Afrika, kufaka phakathi izilimi ezisetshenziselwa izinjongo zenkolo, izilimi ezibalulekile ekuhwebelaneni nasemazweni omhlaba, kanye noLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika, kanye Nokuxhumana Okuhlukile Nokungezelelwe ". ^[9]

Ulimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika lwamukelwa njengezinye zezilimi zokufundisa emfundweni yabafundi abayizithulu.

Izibalo zabantu

Isibalo sabantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika (abantu abayizithulu abangama-600,000 kanye nabantu abayizigidi eziyi-1.4 abanokungezwa ezindlebeni) ^[10] asinikezi umfanekiso oqondile wenani labantu abakhuluma ngoLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika. Okwamanje asikho isilinganiso esilinganiswayo sabantu abaxhumana ngolimi lwezandla lwaseNingizimu Afrika. Izilinganiso ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, kusuka kubasebenzisi abayizigidi ezingama-700,000 kuya kwezi-2.Kwenziwa isicelo kuMkhandlu Wokucwaninga Ngezesayensi Yabantu (South Africa) ukuthi bakulinganise lokhu njengengxenye yokubalwa kwabantu okwenzeka ngo-2011. [ idinga ukuvuselelwa ]

Izici zolimi

Ukupela ngeminwe

Ulimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika alfabhethi yesandla esisodwa yokupela iminwe

Ukupela ngeminwe kuyindlela esetshenziswayo yokusayina esetshenziselwa ukupela izinhlamvu nezinombolo (izinombolo, amakhadinali). Ngakho-ke, ukupela ngeminwe kuyindlela yolimi lwezandla yokuboleka amagama ezilimini ezikhulunywayo, kanye namagama esipelingi abantu, izindawo nezinto. Kuyithuluzi elisebenzayo ukubhekisa egameni elibhaliwe.

Amanye amagama avame ukubhalwa ngeminwe ajwayele ukuba yizimpawu zawo uqobo (abe "yiqhwa"), alandele izinqubo zokuguqulwa kwezilimi njengokufakwa kwe-alphanumeric nesifinyezo.Isibonelo, elinye lamagama ezimpawu eKapa lisebenzisa izinhlamvu ezifakwe iminwe i- CT (ukuguqulwa kwesandla sombhalo ngohlamvu 'C' kuya kuhlamvu 'T' kuzo zombili izihlakala ngokuzungeza ku-eksisi evundlile). Inyanga kaJulayi ivame ukufushaniswa ngokuthi 'JL-Y'.

Amagama abhalwe ngeminwe awathathi indawo yokusebenzisa izimpawu ezikhona:kuthatha isikhathi eside ukusayina futhi kunzima ukukubona. Uma igama elibhalwe ngeminwe liboleka, ukupela ngeminwe kuncike kubo bobabili abasebenzisi abanolwazi lolimi olukhulunywayo (isiNgisi, iSotho, isiBhunu njll. ). Yize amagama afanele (njengegama lomuntu, igama lenkampani) evame ukubhalwa ngeminwe, kuvame ukuba yisinyathelo sesikhashana kuze kube yilapho umphakathi Wezithulu uvumelana ngokushintshwa kwegama leSign.

Amagama ezimpawu nezisho

Amagama ezimpawu yizimpawu ezithile ezihlotshaniswa namagama afanele (indawo, umuntu, inhlangano).Amagama ezimpawu avame ukukhethwa ngokuya ngempahla ebonakalayo. Isibonelo, igama lesibonakaliso likaNelson Mandela lisayinwe kusetshenziswa isandla esiyisicaba se-B esilandela ulayini wezinwele ngaphezulu kwekhanda.Igama lezimpawu zebhange i-ABSA lenziwa ngezandla zombili kulandela ukunyakaza okushiwo ku-logo yenkampani.

Ukuhluka

INingizimu Afrika ingelinye lamazwe ambalwa aqashelwa ngokusemthethweni ulimi lwezandlaCishe kukhona ukwehluka kwesifunda, kepha abasayinayo abavela ezweni lonke bangazwana kalula, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngokwesibonelo eForamu Yabayizithulu minyaka yonke.

Kuyinkolelo evamile kubantu baseNingizimu Afrika, ngisho naphakathi kwabantu baseNingizimu Afrika abayizithulu, ukuthi imiphakathi yezilimi ezahlukahlukene inezilimi zezandla ezehlukene.Lokhu ngokusobala kungumphumela wokuthi Izithulu zingakwazi ukuqonda abahumushi bolimi lwezandla abavela kweminye imiphakathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi "abahumushi" abanjalo abalusebenzisi ulimi lwezandla, kepha kunalokho basayinda isiNgisi esisayiniwe, isiXhosa esisayiniwe, njll.,Futhi yilabo kuphela abafundiswe la makhodi okufakelwa abangawaqonda.(Bheka ulimi olunamakhodi ngesandla eNingizimu Afrika . )

Umlando wemfundo yabantu abayizithulu eNingizimu Afrika

Umugqa wesikhathi: ^[7]

Izinduna ezingama-1863 zase-Ireland ziqala izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ngolimi lwezandla
I-1874 Grimley Institute for the Deaf and Dumb esungulwe nguBridget Lynne eKapa
Isikole i- 1881 De La Bat esungulwe eWorcester
Ukwamukelwa kwe-1920 kokufunda ngomlomo ezikoleni zezithulu
1934 Ngokwahlukana phakathi European nezikole Non-European
Ngo-1941 kwaqalwa isikole sokuqala "sabaNsundu."
I-1984 Medium of education ishintshile ukusuka kolimi lwendabuko (ulimi lwendabuko) kuya esiNgisini ezikoleni zeMnyango Wezemfundo Nokuqeqesha
"Ulimi lwezandla" lwango-1996 (kodwa hhayi ikakhulukazi i-SASL) okukhulunywe ngalo kuMthethosisekelo weRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika njengolimi oluzothuthukiswa

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1863, izindela zase-Ireland zazibandakanyeka ezinhlelweni zokuqeqesha Izithulu. ^[7] Ulimi Lwezandla Lwase-Ireland, "ekuqaleni olwaluthonywe kakhulu uLimi Lwezandla LwaseFrance " kuthiwa lube nomthelela obonakalayo ezilimini zezandla emhlabeni, kubandakanya naseNingizimu Afrika. ^[11]

Ngo-1874 eKapa, isikhungo sokuqala sezithulu esibizwa ngeGrimley Institute for Deaf and Dumb sasungulwa ngowesifazane wase-Irish Deaf ogama lakhe linguBridget Lynne. ^[12] ^[13]

Ngo-1881 eWorcester, kwasungulwa isikole sabangesiThulu iDe La Bat.

Kusukela ngo-1877, odade baseDominican baqala ukuhlala eduze kweTheku. Ngo-1884, uDade Stephanie Hanshuber waseJalimane wethula indlela yomlomo eNingizimu Afrika. ^[14]

Ngo-1888 kwavulwa ngokusemthethweni "iKing William's Town Convent School for the Education of the Deaf".

"Njengoba bukhona ubufakazi obuncane bomlando, kuthathwa ngokuthi uLimi Lwezandla LwaseNingizimu Afrika lunenhlanganisela yethonya lase-Ireland elivela kwizindela zaseDominican Irish, kanye naseBrithani kanye nethonya laseMelika. (Ulimi lwezandla wulimi lwemvelo lwezithulu. ) " ^[15]

↑ Aarons, Debra and Philemon Aakach. South African Sign Language: one language or many? In Language in South Africa, ed by Rajend Mesthrie, 127-147. Cambridge University Press.
↑ PDF page 4, document page 114
↑ Reagan, Timothy (2008), "South African Sign Language and language-in-education policy in South Africa", Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics 38: 165–190, archived from the original on 2010-12-24, https://web.archive.org/web/20101224143423/http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departments/linguistics/documents/SPIL38-Reagan.pdf, retrieved 2010-07-14
↑ South African Schools Act, 1996, 1996, archived from the original on 2009-12-16, https://web.archive.org/web/20091216110344/http://www.acts.co.za/south_african_schools_act_1996.htm, retrieved 2010-08-02
↑ Lavanithum, Joseph (2008), "The impact of using graphic representations of signs in teaching signs to hearing mothers of deaf children", PhD thesis Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria: 20, archived from the original on 2011-07-19, https://web.archive.org/web/20110719154413/http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06042009-152153/unrestricted/02chapter2.pdf, retrieved 2010-07-14
↑ Nieder-Heitman, N. (1980), Talking to the Deaf. Praat met die Dowes. A visual manual of standardized signs for the Deaf in South AfricaLanguage policy and SASL: interpreters in the public service
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Penn, Claire (1994), Dictionary of Southern African Signs for Communication with the Deaf
↑ "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa section 6.5.8.iii" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-15. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2021-07-24.
↑ "Language in Education" policy in terms of section 3(4)(m) of the National Education Policy Act, Act 27 of 1996
↑ (2003). DeafSA Information Booklet. South Africa: DeafSA.
↑ The Sociolinguistics of sign languages, archived from the original on 2021-07-25, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725173653/https://hsrcpress.co.za/, retrieved 2021-07-24
↑ Language policy and SASL: interpreters in the public service, archived from the original on 2021-07-25, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725173653/https://hsrcpress.co.za/, retrieved 2021-07-24
↑ Dominican women: A time to speak
↑ A Short History of St Vincent School, 2009, archived from the original on 2010-05-21, https://web.archive.org/web/20100521215317/http://www.stvincent.co.za/history.htm, retrieved 2010-07-14
↑ Morgans, Helen (1999), Where did South African Sign Language Originate?

[1] Aarons, Debra and Philemon Aakach. South African Sign Language: one language or many? In Language in South Africa, ed by Rajend Mesthrie, 127-147. Cambridge University Press.

[2] PDF page 4, document page 114

[SASLeducation-3] Reagan, Timothy (2008), "South African Sign Language and language-in-education policy in South Africa", Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics 38: 165–190, archived from the original on 2010-12-24, https://web.archive.org/web/20101224143423/http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departments/linguistics/documents/SPIL38-Reagan.pdf, retrieved 2010-07-14

[1996SAschoolAct-4] South African Schools Act, 1996, 1996, archived from the original on 2009-12-16, https://web.archive.org/web/20091216110344/http://www.acts.co.za/south_african_schools_act_1996.htm, retrieved 2010-08-02

[SASLbooks-5] Lavanithum, Joseph (2008), "The impact of using graphic representations of signs in teaching signs to hearing mothers of deaf children", PhD thesis Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria: 20, archived from the original on 2011-07-19, https://web.archive.org/web/20110719154413/http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06042009-152153/unrestricted/02chapter2.pdf, retrieved 2010-07-14

[TalkingToTheDeaf-6] Nieder-Heitman, N. (1980), Talking to the Deaf. Praat met die Dowes. A visual manual of standardized signs for the Deaf in South AfricaLanguage policy and SASL: interpreters in the public service

[Penn1994-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Penn, Claire (1994), Dictionary of Southern African Signs for Communication with the Deaf

[8] "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa section 6.5.8.iii" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-15. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2021-07-24.

[9] "Language in Education" policy in terms of section 3(4)(m) of the National Education Policy Act, Act 27 of 1996

[10] (2003). DeafSA Information Booklet. South Africa: DeafSA.

[slsociolinguistics-11] The Sociolinguistics of sign languages, archived from the original on 2021-07-25, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725173653/https://hsrcpress.co.za/, retrieved 2021-07-24

[SASLlangpolicy-12] Language policy and SASL: interpreters in the public service, archived from the original on 2021-07-25, https://web.archive.org/web/20210725173653/https://hsrcpress.co.za/, retrieved 2021-07-24

[Boner2000-13] Dominican women: A time to speak

[StVincentHistory-14] A Short History of St Vincent School, 2009, archived from the original on 2010-05-21, https://web.archive.org/web/20100521215317/http://www.stvincent.co.za/history.htm, retrieved 2010-07-14

[SASLorigins-15] Morgans, Helen (1999), Where did South African Sign Language Originate?

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