Echwebeni/Mandlazini/KwaBhuquza (Richards Bay)

Mayelana Wikipedia
Richards Bay
Richardsbaai
Mhlathuze Lagoon (former name)[1]
Richard's Bay Northern Breakwater
Richard's Bay Northern Breakwater
Richards Bay is located in KwaZulu-Natal<div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: Expression error: Missing operand for *.%; left: -638.9%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;">
Richards Bay
Country South Africa
Province KwaZulu-Natal
District King Cetshwayo
Municipality uMhlathuze
Main Place
Established 1969
Uhulumeni
 • Councillor
Ubukhulu[2]
 • Jikelele 142.78 km2 (55.13 sq mi)
Inani labantu (2022)[2]
 • Jikelele 57,387
 • Iqulu 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
Racial makeup (2022)[2]
 • Black African 38.0%
 • Coloured 8.2%
 • Indian/Asian 19.2%
 • White 31.1%
 • Other 0.4%
First languages (2022)[2]
 • Zulu 38.6%
 • English 33.8%
 • Afrikaans 31.5%
 • Other 2.1%
Isikhathi sendawo SAST (UTC+2)
Postal code (street) 3900
PO box 3900
Area code 035
Ulwandle lwase-Alkantstrand

I-Richards Bay (Afrikaans ) yidolobha elikhulu elitholakala ngaphansi koMkhandlu waseMhlathuze KwaZulu-Natal, INingizimu Afrika. Le ndawo itholakala ebangeni engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-30 uma usuka emfuleni uMhlathuze, okuyenza ibe elinye. Le ndawo inechweba elikhulu kunawo wonke ezweni nasezwenikazi lase Afrika.[3]

Umlando[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Leli dolobha laqala njengetheku lesikhashana elasungulwa nguCommodore waseKapa, USir Markus Eugene Brown,[4] ngesikhathi seMpi ye-Anglo-Zulu ka-1879. Ngo-1902, uCathcart Methven, unjiniyela wechweba kaHulumeni waseNatal, ku-Zululand Port Survey wahlonza amandla e-Richards Bay njengetheku elisha olisogwini olusempumalanga nezwe.[4]

Ngonyaka ka-1935 kwabe sekusungulwa i-Richards Bay Game Sanctuary ukuze ivikele imvelo ezungeze ichweba. Kwathi ngonyaka ka-1943 yanda yaba yi-Richards Bay Park. Leli dolobha lakhiwa ogwini lwechibi ngonyaka ka-1954 lase limenyezelwa njengedolobha ngonyaka ka-1969. [5]

Ngonyaka ka-1965, uHulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ngaphansi kukaNgqongqoshe Wezokuthutha UBen Schoeman wabe esenquma ukwakha ichweba khona e-Richards Bay.[6] Umsebenzi wokwakha waqala ngo-1972 nowathatha iminyaka emine ukuthi uphothulwe. NgoJanuwari 1976, kwaba nokususwa okuphoqelelwe kwezakhamuzi zendawo zomndeni wakwaMthiyane Zulu zabe sezisiwa endaweni yaseNtambanana.[7]Ngo-1 April 1976, itheku elisha elujilile lavulwa nomzila wesitimela kanye nepayipi likawoyela elalixhumanisa itheku neGoli.[8] Indawo entsha eyabe isivulelwa ukuthi kuhlalwe kuyona yaba seNyakatho yechweba neyaziwa ngokuthi i-Meerensee.[9] Le ndawo yaqala yaba idolobha lokuqala elihlala abantu ngonyaka ka- 1970.[10] Le ndawo yase Meerensee yabe isilandelwa yi-Arboretum ngo-1975, ne-Veldenvlei ngo-1980.[10]

Zonke lezi zindawo esezibaliwe zazibekelwe abaMhlophe kuphela ngesikhathi sobandlululo. Idolobhana labamnyama lakhiwa e-Sikhaleni/Sikhawini, amakhilomitha ayishumi nanhlanu eNingizimu nendawo yaseRichards Bay. Izindawo zokuhlala zamaNdiya nabamnyama (iBrackenham ne-Aquadene) zavulwa ngemuva kuka-1985 entshonalanga yeVeldenvlei.[10] Amadolobhana amathathu angaphandle kweRichards Bay (ngaphandle kwedolobha labamnyama lase-Sikhaleni) ayenabantu abacishe babe ngu-20,000 ngo-1990.[11]

Umnotho[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ichweba laseRichards Bay liqukethe lokho okuyisikhungo samalahle esingabalwa kwesikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, esinomthamo ohleliwe wamathani ayizigidi ezingu-91 ngonyaka engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2009.[12] Ngo-2007 umkhiqizo waminyaka yonke wawungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-66.12. Itheku lase-Australia laseNewcastle, eNew South Wales liyitheku elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, lithumela amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-161 amalahle ngo-2016.[13]

Izindawo ezimbili zokuncibilikisa I-aluminium, i-Hillside Aluminium ne-Bayside Aluminium zisetshenziswa yi-South32. Isikhungo somanyolo esisetshenziswa yiFoskor. I-iron ore, I-ruthenile (i-titanium oxide) ne-i-zircon zimbiwa ezindaweni zamakhosi i Richards Bay Minerals (RBM), ingxenye ye-Rio Tinto Group.[14] Idolobha lihweba namazwe angaphandle amalahle, ubhanana, i-aluminium, i-titanium namanye amaminerali asindayo, i-granite, i-ferrochrome, i-pulp yephepha, ama-chips okhuni kanye ne-phosphoric acid. IRichards Bay idolobha elikhula ngokushesha eNingizimu Afrika. Leli dolobha liyisikhungo sezimboni esikhula ngokushesha.[7]

Kodwa-ke, njengezinye izindawo eziningi eNingizimu Afrika, indawo yaseRichards Bay ihlushwa ukuntuleka kwamathuba emisebenzi nobumpofu. Ukungasebenzi kulinganiselwa kumaphesenti angamashumi amane futhi inani elingaziwa labantu liphila ngaphansi kobumpofu. Uhulumeni wendawo awuzange enze imizamo eyanele yokusebenzisa amaphrojekthi ahloselwe ukunciphisa ubumpofu.


Ngaphandle kwemboni yezimayini, ezokuvakasha ziyingxenye enkulu yomnotho, kanti iRichards Bay iyisango lendlela ebheke eZululand, indawo ethandwa izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe ngenxa yamapaki ayo amakhulu kanye nezilwane zasendle ezihlukahlukene ezinikezwayo.[15]

I-Richards Bay Industrial Development Zone ingenye yezindawo ezimbili zokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ngaphakathi kwesifundazwe saKwaZulu-Natal. Le ndawo iyindawo yezimboni ezisetshenziswa ngokugcwele ehlanganisa izimboni ezisindayo, eziphakathi nendawo nezincane ezixhumene neziseduze nechweba laseRichards Bay.

UHulumeni nezombusazwe[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Njengoba imingcele kamasipala yayisanda kubekwa ngo-2000, i-Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), ngokubambisana ne-Democratic Alliance (DA) namanye amaqembu amancane, yayibusa kuMasipala wase-Mhlathuze. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwe-National Freedom Party, i-IFP yalahlekelwa ukulawula uMasipala ngaphansi kwe-I-African National Congress (ANC). Umphathi-dolobha wase-Mhlathuze kwakunguMnu Mduduzi Mhlongo. Ngemuva kokhetho lwangonyaka ka-2021, i-Inkatha Freedom Party iphinde yathola amandla ayo ngokubambisana ne-Democratic Alliance (DA) futhi u-Xolani Ngwezi wabe esekhethwa njengoSodolobha. Umkhandlu waseMhlathuze ungaphansi komkhandlu wesifunda iKing Cetshwayo District futhi eholwa yi-Inkatha Freedom Party lapho uThamisanqa Ntuli enguSodolobha khona.

Inani labantu kulelidolobha[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Kulelidolobha abantu abaMhlophe babalelwa kumaphesenti angu-39.98, belandelwa abantu abansundu base-Afrika ngamaphesenti angu 37.05, Abase-Asia Noma AmaNdiya ngamaphesenti angu-19.16 kanye nabamnyama ngamaphesenti amathathu. Amaphesenti angu-74.19 enani labantu angaphansi kweminyaka engu-34 ubudala, namaphesenti angu-2.73 aneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-65. Kuzo zonke izinsikazi eziyikhulu, kunabantu besilisa abangu-93. Inani labantu lilinganiselwa kubantu abangu-526-1,192 / km2. Kunamikhaya angu-12,433 eRichards Bay, futhi amaphesenti angu-66,4 amikhaya enjalo ayizindlu noma izakhiwo zezitini. Ngokusho kwemali engenayo yomndeni, idolobha elicebe kakhulu yi-Meerensee, elinesilinganiso semali engenayo yasekhaya engaphezu kwe-R153,601 ngonyaka. Izinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi eRichards Bay iyodwa lingamaphesenti angu-19, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-55 ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezizungeze idolobha.

Izakhiwo ezinhlobonhlobo zobuhlanga zamadolobhana ayisikhombisa ahlukene zisekhona emgqeni wokuhlukaniswa kwenkathi yobandlululo, kanti i-Meerensee iyindawo eningi yabamhlophe, kuyilapho amadolobhana afana neBrackenham ne-Aquadene ngokuyinhloko amaNdiya / ase-Asia kanye neNgwelezane iyikhaya lomphakathi omnyama. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba nomzabalazo wokuhlangana okwengana kwezizwe, ikakhulukazi abantu abansundu abathuthela kwezinye izindawo, ngokwesiko ezihola imali ephakeme, ngenxa yokwanda kwesigaba sabahola kangconywana sabamnyama kule ndawo.

Amaphesenti angama-22 abantu aseqedile isikole kuphela. Amanye amaphesenti angu-8.45 anemfundo ephakeme. Amaphesenti angu-16.7 awazange athole imfundo nhlobo. Kodwa-ke, lolu lwazi ibonisa umasipala wase-Mhlathuze wonkana.

Ukuma kwezwe nesimo sezulu[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

I-Richards Bay ibonakala ngesimo sezulu esimanzi esishisayo esisemngceleni i sezulu sasezindaweni ezishisayo njengoba izinyanga ezimbili kuphela ezinamazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-18 °C Kukhona ihlobo elifudumele elinomsokama kanye nobusika obuncane obungenalo iqhwa.  Leli dolobha linemvula evamile yaminyaka yonke engamamilimitha angu-1228 (48.3 in).  Isilinganiso sezinga lokushisa lonyaka ngu-21.5 °C (71 °F), kanye nezinga eliphakeme emini kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuMashi ku-29 °C (84 °F), futhi elincane ngu-21 °C (70 °F), lehla liye ekuphakameni kwasemini kusukela ngoJuni kuya ku-Agasti ku-23 °C (73 °F) kanye nelinani eliphansi le-12 °C (53 °F).           Ukuphuma kwelanga ngo-4:45 futhi ukushona kwelanga ngo-19:00 ehlobo. Ebusika ukuphuma kwelanga kungo-06h20 bese kushona ilanga ngo-17h00. I-Richards Bay iyindawo ethandwayo yokugibela i-kite-surfing ngenxa yemimoya engaguquguquki evunguza ivela eNyakatho-Mpumalanga.

Indawo yaseRichards Bay ngokuvamile iyithafa kakhulu futhi isethafeni elingasogwini. Indawo ikhuphuka kancane ngasentshonalanga. Amadolobhana angaphandle angaphezu kwamamitha ambalwa (Reneging cishe 140m) (amamitha angu-459.3) ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.  Le ndawo iningi emahlathini ama-dune asogwini, ikakhulukazi eceleni kwe-zindunduma zasogwini nasedolobheni lase-Meerensee.Template:Weather Box

Ubugebengu[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Le ndawo ibhekene namazinga aphakeme obugebengu ngokubulawa kwabantu abaningi abavelele, kufaka phakathi okuka-ward councillor, okuningi okuhlobene nezinkinga zokuthenga nokuthengisa.[16]

UbuKhatholika[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

UMpristi wesifunda saseKwambonambi wayegubha iMisa kabili ngenyanga ekhaya lomuntu siqu futhi, kusukela ngo-1973, eMeerensee Primary School. KwakunamaKatholika ambalwa eRichards Bay ekuqaleni, kodwa inani labo lakhula ngokuqhubeka kokuthuthuka kwedolobha. UMpristi wesifunda sase-Mpangeni wathatha ukunakekela kwalabaKhatholika ngemuva kokuba umgwaqo omusha ophakathi kwe-Empangeni neRichards Bay uqedwe ekupheleni kuka-1974. Wethula iMisa lamasonto onke, elalibanjwa eSontweni laseWeseli e-Meerensee futhi kamuva eSikoleni samabanga aphansi e-Arboretum. I-Diocese of Eshowe ngaleso sikhathi yathenga indawo yesonto e-Meerensee. Indawo yanikezwa odade baseNardini abakha isigodlo nesikole samabanga aphansi lapho ngo-1977/78. UReg. Sommerville, umklami wezakhiwo wase-Empangeni, wenza amapulani. I-O'Connell Brothers, inkampani yase-Mpangeni, yaqala ukusebenza kokwakha ngoJuni 1977. Baqeda isigaba sokuqala kungakapheli unyaka ukuze u-Archabbot Notker Wolf waseSt. Ottilien (eJalimane), ngaleso sikhathi owayeseNingizimu Afrika evakashele, akwazi ukubusisa isonto nenkulisa ngomhlaka 12 August 1978. Isigaba sesibili sokwakhiwa kwendlu yezindela saqedwa ngo-January 1979. Odade ababili baseNardini bahlala esigodlweni esisha sezindela ngo-February 1979. Isigodlo sezindela sasisetshenziswa umphakathi wamaKhatholika waseRichards Bay ngeMisa langeSonto kusukela ngoJuni 1978 kuze kube ngu-Agasti 1986 lapho kuvulwa isonto elisha lase-Veld-en-Vlei.

Ukuthutheleka kwabantu eRichards Bay ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 kwaletha ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwenani lamaKhatholika. Lokhu kwenza kwaba nesidingo sokucabanga ngokwakha isonto elifanele. UDuvenhage noFischer, abaklami bezakhiwo baseRichards Bay, bacelwa ukuba bafake imiklamo. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokuhlela, onke amalungu esonto amenywa ukuba enze ukusikisela kwesikhungo esisha samaKhatholika. Izinyanga eziningi imidwebo nezinhlelo zaboniswa ngemuva kweMisa leSonto ukuze wonke umuntu anikele ngemibono. Isifunda sombhishobhi sase-Eshowe ekugcineni samukela isiphakamiso sokwakha isonto kanye nehholo kanye nefulethi lomnakekeli eVeld en Vlei ngenxa yesikhundla esiphakathi nale ndawo. Ukuhlatshwa kwesoyi kwenzeka ngomhlaka-12 September 1985. I-LTA Construction, enye yezinkampani zokwakha ezinkulu kakhulu eNingizimu Afrika yanikezwa inkontileka. Umsebenzi wokwakha waqedwa ngo-June 1986. UMbhishobhi uMansuet Biyase wanikezela isonto elisha ngo-31 August 1986.[17] Kuleli sonto kunendawo yokukhulekela, ikhishi elincane kanye nendlu yomnakekeli. Ngonyaka ka-1992, kwanezelwa esinye isakhiwo. Iqukethe igumbi lokuhlangana namakilasi amaningana ezingane zenkolo. ISonto likaSt. Francis eRichards Bay lalinamaKhatholika angabalelwa kwangu-600 ngo-1992.

Zonke izakhiwo ezengeziwe zakhiwa futhi zakhokhelwa nguFata Pious Paul ngefa elalishiywe kuye. Wanikeza iRichards Bay Parish isikhumbuzo sokuzuzisa wonke amaKhatholika eZululand. Ngemva kukaFata Pious abaPristi abaningana babephethe isifunda esinguFata Alousios, u-Eugene, uHemmie, uPeter Blue, uMax kanye noFata Bheki.

Ezemidlalo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Imicimbi[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

I-Richards Bay BG Triathlon World Cup ka2006/7/8[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

I-Richards Bay yabamba i-ITU World Cup. I-ITU Triathlon World Cup kwakuwuhlu lwemincintiswano ye-triathlon eyayihlelwe yi-International Triathlon Union (ITU) yabadlali be-triatlon bezinga eliphakeme. Kwakunemincintiswano eyishumi nambili eyayenziwa emazweni ayishumi nambili, ngayinye yayihamba ibanga elingaphezu kwe-1500 m ubhukuda, umjikelezo wamakhilomitha angu-40, ukugijima kwamakhilomitha ayishumi (i-Olympic-distance triathlon).   Ngaphandle kwesikhwama somklomelo, amaphuzu anikezwa emncintiswaneni ngamunye onikela ngeNdebe Yomhlaba wonke lapho kunikezwa khona isikhwama somklomelo esengeziwe. I-World Cup ka-2008 yaxhaswa yi-BG Group. Uchungechunge lweNdebe Yomhlaba ka-2008 lwaba unyaka wokugcina walomjaho kanye nohlelo lwezingqungquthela njengoba i-ITU yayigxile ekuthuthukiseni i-World Championship Series.

INdebe Yomhlaba Ye-FIFA yangonyaka ka-2010[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ngenxa yesikhumulo sezindiza sendawo, nangenxa yokusondelana kwayo neDurban (amahora amathathu okuhamba) kanye nesimo sayo sokuba isango laseZululand, iRichards Bay yabonwa njengesikhungo sokuqeqeshwa esingase sibe khona seNdebe Yomhlaba. Kwakhiwa inkundla encane ehloselwe ukufinyelela ukugunyazwa kwe-I-FIFA. Ngasekupheleni kuka-2009, ithimba laseGhana lavakashela leli dolobha, okwabangela ukuqagela kokuthi Iqembu lebhola likanobhutshuzwayo laseGhana lingazifaka edolobheni. NgoMeyi 2010, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi Iqembu lebhola likanobhutshuzwayo laseNigeria lizoletha isizinda salo eRichards Bay ngesikhathi seNdebe Yomhlaba.

Umqhudelwano WaseNingizimu Afrika WaseSurfski wango-2011[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

I-Zululand Kayak Club, i-Richards Bay, yakhethwa yi-KwaZulu Natal Canoe Union (KNCU) ukuba ibambe umqhudelwano waminyaka yonke wokushushuluza nge-surf.[1] Lokhu kwafinyelelwa ngo-17 no-18 September 2011. Lo mncintiswano waletha mqhudelwano waletha abantwezi nabasafufusa ababevela eThekwini, e-East London, eGqeberha, eKapa naseGoli. Lo mncintiswano wawusekelwa yi-Rio Tinto-Richards Bay Minerals ne-Midbay Motors.

Umqhudelwano Wokuntweza w aseNingizimu Afrika wonyaka ka-2015[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ngo-2015 iRichards Bay yakhethwa yiqembu elibusayo le-surfing yaseNingizimu Afrika, i-Surfing South Africa (SSA), ukuba ibambe i-South African Surf Championships.[18] Abantwezi abaphambili baseNingizimu Afrika bahlangana ukuze bancintisane e-Alkantstrand phakathi nomcimbi wesonto lonke ngo-Agasti. Lo mncintiswano wawuphethwe futhi uqondiswa yiqembu le-surfing lendawo, i-uThungulu Surfriders (ngaphambili i-Zululand Surfriders Association).

Izinhlangano[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

  • I-Canoe / Surfski: I-Zululand Kayak Club iyinhlangano yezemidlalo yasemanzini, egxile ekudlaleni nge-canoe ne-surfski, futhi incintisana emincintiswaneni eminingi ekhalendeni le-KNCU. Leli yiqembu lendawo elinakekela umphakathi waseZululand. Leli qembu linikeza umphakathi isikole sokushushuluza nge-surf kunoma ubani onesifiso sokuzama umdlalo omusha.
  • Ukugibela amabhayisikili: I-Zululand Cycling Club iyasebenza futhi ingathintwa ngekhasi le-Facebook le-Zulaland Cycling. (ZCC)
  • Ukugibela: I-King Cetswayo District Surf Club (ngaphambili i-uThungulu Surf Riders)
  • I-Wrestling: I-Richards Bay Wrestling Club ingelinye lamaqembu aphezulu omzabalazo esifundazweni saseKwaZulu-Natal.
  • Ibhola likanobhutshuzwayo: I-Richards Bay F.C. iyiqembu lebhola likanobhuthuzwayo elisedolobheni.

Abantu abavelele[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

  • U<b>Bridgitte Hartley</b> - owathola indondo ye-bronze kuma-Olympic emdlalweni we-Women's K-1 500m Canoeing 2012 Olympic Games owawubanjelwa eLondon
  • U<b>Marius Jonker</b> - Isikhulu somdlalo we-rugby union yaseNingizimu Afrika
  • ULindokuhle "Linda" Mkhwanazi - umdlali webhola likanobhutshuzwayo
  • U<b>Casimiro Monteiro</b> - isikhulu sobunhloli sasePortugal nombulali we-Portuguese Colonial Police kanye ne-PIDE (International and State Defense Police). UMonteiro wathatha umhlalaphansi waya eRichards Bay.
  • ULalela Mswane - INkosazana yaseNingizimu Afrika 2021 & INkosazana Supranational 2022

Imithombo yezindaba yendawo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

  • I-Focus Magazine - umagazini womphakathi okhazimulayo ochaza izimpahla nokuphila ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweRichards Bay.
  • I-Zululand Observer - iphephandaba elisetshenziswa endaweni elasungulwa nguNkk. Regina Anthony ngo-1969 - www.zululandobserver.co.za
  • 1KZN TV

Ukuhamba[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

  • Itheku LaseRichards Bay
  • Isikhumulo Sezindiza SaseRichards Bay
  1. ↑ Template:Cite thesis
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Main Place Richards Bay". Census 2011.
  3. ↑ Nel, H. A., Hean, J. W., Noundou, X. S., & Froneman, P. W. (2017). Do microplastic loads reflect the population demographics along the southern African coastline?. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 115(1-2), 115-119.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cubbin, Tony (1997). The History of Richards Bay 1897-1970s. Empangeni, South Africa: Empangeni Printers. p. 21.
  5. ↑ Joyce, P. (1989). The South African family encyclopaedia. Internet Archive. Cape Town : Struik Publishers. ISBN 978-0-86977-887-6.
  6. ↑ Aniruth, J. & Barnes, J. (1998). "Why Richards Bay grew as an industrial centre: Lessons for SDIs". Development Southern Africa. 15 (5): 829–849. doi:10.1080/03768359808440052.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ntul, H.S. (2020). "Memories of victims : the historical trajectory of the removal of people from Mandlanzini, South Africa". Southern Journal for Contemporary History. 44 (2). p.95 doi:10.18820/24150509/SJCH44.v2.4. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020.
  8. ↑ http://www.kzntransport.gov.za/public_trans/freight_databank/kzn/ports/Richards_Bay/index_xml.html
  9. ↑ Potgieter, D. J. (1973). Standard Encyclopedia of Southern Africa. Internet Archive. p. 343.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Potgieter, D. J. (1973). Standard Encyclopedia of Southern Africa. Internet Archive. p. 343.
  11. ↑ https://uzspace.unizulu.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/33f6f73e-34f9-418f-8d74-03e416bc5332/content
  12. ↑ https://www.gem.wiki/Richards_Bay_Coal_Terminal
  13. ↑ "The Channel Autumn 2017" (PDF). Port of Newcastle Operations Pty Limited. April 2017. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  14. ↑ https://www.riotinto.com/en/operations/south-africa/richards-bay-minerals
  15. ↑ Mwandla, E. M. (1998). The local community's cognition of the development of gaming facilities in Richards Bay and environs (Doctoral dissertation).
  16. ↑ Ardé, Greg (3 March 2024). "Violent mafias hold Richards Bay industry to ransom". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  17. ↑ https://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/biyase-dela/
  18. ↑ https://www.news24.com/news24/sabudgettravel-5-things-to-do-in-richards-bay-20170723
"https://zu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echwebeni/Mandlazini/KwaBhuquza_(Richards_Bay)&oldid=106703" تان ورتل