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UMaskandi uhlobo lomculo womdabuwamaZulu, ekuqaleni owawuhlobene nezisebenzi ezifudukayo, oguquka nomphakathi waseNingizimu Afrika. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ingqalabitho yawo nguPhuzushukela (uJohn Bhengu).[1] Ngokuvamile ubonakala ngokushaywa kwesiginxi okuyindlela enamathonya ahlukahlukene angokomlando futhi unomsebenzi obalulekile ngokwezenhlalo njengoba abaculi bavunyelwe ukugxeka obala abantu abanamandla.

Imvelaphi

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Lo mculo wavela emculweni kaMakhweyana oculwa abesifazane besebenzisa iselwa elinomuci owodwa onkenenzayo, owaguqulwa ngokomyamuko ngokusebenzisa isiginxi.[2] Umthombo womculo namuhla obizwa umaskandi usemculweni owawuswele isiginxi weminyakashumo eqala ngowe-1920, nowagudlukela ekushayeni isiginxi ezweni laseRhodesiya ngeminyakashumi eliqala ngowe-1930, ngeqembu labaculi elathola ugqozi emculweni wezingqayi zaseNtshona.[3] Kamuva wathuthukiswa abasebenza abafudukayo eNingizimu Afrika.[4]

Umlando

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AmaZulu kusukela emandulo abe eyithanda ingoma futhi ekwazi ukuqamaba izingoma. Ngalezi zikhathi kwakungasethenziswa zinsimbi ukwenza umculo, kepha kwabe kusetshenziswa izigubhu, izimpomdo kanye namaphimbo nokunye okuningi. AmaZulu aqala ukubona isigingci ngonyaka ye-1880 lapho kwakufika khona amaPutukezi osebeni lwaseNatali, ukusbenzisa lezi zinsimbi zaseNtshonalanga indlela yokwenza umculo yabe isishintsha ngalesi sikhathi ngoba amaZulu azithola esesungula ezinye izinhlobo zomculo.

Kodwa ngokufunda kuyavela ukuthi waqala ukwenziwa emahostela, ezindaweni zasemaphandleni kanye nasezimayini ngiminyaka yezi-50s. Ngokubuka umlando waseNingizimu Afrika ngesikhathi sengcindezelo ama-Afrika ikakhulukazi abesilisa babephoqelekile ukushiya ezindaweni zabo baye emadolobheni ukuyofuna umsebenzi. Abaningi babeya kosebenza emafemini abanye beya ezimayini ezimba igolide namanye amaminerali, lapha abesilisa babahlaliswa ezindaweni zasemahostela nguhulumeni wangeleso sikhathi abanye behlala ezikompolo zasezimanyini .

Ezimanyini kanye nasemafemini kwabe kunezinhlanga ezahlukahlukene, phakathi kwalezi zinhlanga kwakukhona amaBhunu ayedlala umculo ngezinkostina kanye nezigingci. Lokhu kwawaheha kakhulu amaZulu kwagcina sekunomthelela omkhulu emculweni wesiZulu. NamZulu agcina eseyithathile lendlela yokudlaa umculo, nabo baqhamuka nohlobo lomculo lwabo lomculo olwagcina selubizwa ngokuthi uMaskandi [5][6].

Kuwo lamahostela ukuze bazijabulise babelalela umculo kamsakandi owabe uqanjwa futhi uculwa ozakwabo ababesebenza nabo futhi behlala nabo. OMasikandi abaningi babeculela ukuthokozisa abantu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene okubalwa kuzo emahostela, emgwaqeni kanye nasezindaweni ezinye eziningi. OMaskandi ngalesi sikathi babengawuqophi umculo wabe babewudlala kulezi zindawo ezibaliwe kuphele lapho, okusho ukuthi umculo wabe wabe uphelela khona kulezi zindawo wabe ungasabalali [7].

UMaskandi wokuqala ukuqopha igama lakhe kwabe kungu John Bhengu owaduma kakhulu ngelikaPhuzushukela Bhengu, lomaskandi ungomunye womaskadi abaqala ukucula emakhoneni emigwaqo yeTheku. UJohjn Bhengu wafika eGoli ngeminyaka yezi-1950s wahlangana nomenzi womculo wombhaqanga waqopha imculo wakhe okokuqala osihloko sithi, Ilanga Libalele' . Nguye owenza ukuba lolu hlobo lomculo luqgame futhi luthathwe njengolunye lohlobo lomculo waseNingizimu Afrika. Ukuqopha kwakhe izingoma zakhe futhi edlala nesigingci sakhe wazuza imakethe yamaZulu, okwenza kwabonakala ukuthi likhulu igalelo ilangadlalwa yilomculo.

1980s

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Omasikandi abaningi ngalesi sikhathi umculo wabo wabe uqondiswe ekulweni nohulumeni wobandululo. Ngeminyaka yezi-80s iqembu lomculo elabe lizibiza ngokuthi i-Juluka nalo labe lenza umculo kamasikandi, yize lei qembu laqala ukucula ngeminyaka ye-1970s. Leli qembu laqopha umlando ngokuthi lihlanganise umlungu kanye no-afrika ngesikhathi sobandlululo, okwadala izinkinga eziningi umculo walo wagcina usiuvaliwe ukudlalwa emsakazweni yaseNingizimu Afrika. IJuluka yabe lakhiwe nguJohnny Clegg kanye no Sipho Mchunu. Abaculi abafana noMgqashiyo Ndlovu, Mfaz'Omnyama, Thwalofu, Phuzekhemisi, Hashi Elimhlophe nabanye abaningi ababecula umasikandi ababumile ngazo lezi zikhathi. UBusi Mhlongo, Indlovukazi kaMaskandi, waba ngowokuqala wesifazane ukuba acule futhi aqophe lomculo, umculo kaBusi Mhlongo waba uhalanganisa umaskandi kanye noculo wokholo. Ihashi Elimhlophe naye wazakhela udumo oluningi ngaleminyeka, yize naye aqala ukucula ngenimnyaka yezi-1970s ngeminyaka yezi-1980s wabe eskhiphe ama-alibhamu amaningi aba yisasasa.

1990s

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Ngalesi sikathi isimo sabe simuncu eNingizimu Afrika njengoba kwabe sekubhekwe okhethweni lukazwelonke futhi kukhona nezimpi zezombusazwe abantu babefa ngalesi sikathi kubangwa zona ezombusazwe. Abaculi abafana noPhuzekhemisi nabanye abaningi amaculo abo abe ebehekise ekulweni nalolu dlame, beqgugquzela abantu ukuthi abashiye phansi izikhali. Iqembu lomculo elibizwa ngokuthi Izingane Zoma nalo lazenzela idumela ngalelinyaka, umculo waleli qembu wabe uqanjwa ngezehlakalo zezombuswazwe ezabe zenzeka nagalesi sikhathi, okusayindlela abasayisebenzisa namanje. Ngayo lenkathi seludlulile udlame, iNingizimu Afrika isisenkululekweni amaculo omasikandi amaningi abe esekhuluma ngayo lenkululeko. Umculo kamasikandi nawo wayidlala indima enkulu ekuletheni inkululeko eNingizimu Afrika. Abaculi abaningi umculo wabo babewudayisa kwamakhasethi nama sidi. Abanye babeqopha amavidiyo ayedlala kumabonakude amanye amavidioy adayiswe kumakhasethi evidiyo. Lokhu kutshengisa ushinthso noma impucuzeko ekudayiseni umculo.

2000s

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Umculo kamsakandi wabe usenedumela elikhulu ngoba amaculo amaningi abae esezwakala emskazweni amanye ayabonakala kumabonakude. Ngaso lesi sikathathi izinto okuculwa ngazo kanye nendlela okuculwa ngayo sekushintshe kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nangesikathi lomculo usaqala. Iqembu lomculo uShwi noMuntekhala..Omasikandi abagamile ngalesi sikhathi kubala Umgqumeni ongasekho emhlabeni, Thokozani Langa, Mtshengiseni, Igcokama Elisha, Jaiva Zimnike, Amageza Amahle nabanye abaningi.Indlela yokucula loculo ayikakashinthsi kakhulu ngoba laba abacula lolu hlobo loculo basacula ngezimo zempilo, uthhando abanye bacula izihayo njengoba kwakunjalo kwasekuqaleni. Amaculo amasikandi adiyiswa ngama sidi omunye utholakala kuxhakaxholo, banye omasikandi baqopha amavidiyo bawadayise kuma dividi.

Omasikandi kudala abaningi babengahambisani nezemfashini, uma becula babevunula noma bazigqokele imiblaselo. Omsiakandi besimanje sebeyayibheka indlela ababukeka ngayo, ngoba manje iningi labo kungashiwo ukuthi bangoisweenka. Abasekho omasikandi abavunulayo uma beya kocula eziteji noma uma kunemicimbi. Lokhu kutshengisa ushintsho kule ndima yomculo, ukuthi nakhona isikhona impucuzeko .

Ubulili

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Lo mculo uchaziswe ngokuthi "Umculo owenziwa abesilisa abasekuhambeni, ososiginxi besimanje, ama-troubadour anamuhla. Umculo wendoda ehamba amabanga made ukuyoqomisa umakoti wayo, noma ukuyohlangana nenkosi yayo; insiza yezokuthutha. Umculo wendoda eculela ngahlanganene ngakho empilweni, ukuthokoza kwakhe nosizi lwakhe lwansuku zonke, ngakho konke akubonayo zweni. Umculo wendoda enesigqi soku a umZulu."[8]

Namuhla, akusewona owamadoda kuphela, njengoba sekwavela abaculi abadumile besifazane njengo- Busi Mhlongo, owaba nabalandeli kulomculo.[9]

Izinsimbi zomculo nenkambiso

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UMaskandi ngokuvamile udlalwa ngezinsimbi ezingabizi ezisebenzisekayo, noma ezanamuhla noma ezikwazi ukulingisa isigqi sezinsimbi zakudala. Ngokwenkambiso, umculi kaMasikandi wayeba neculo elilodwa, elide eliguquka nendaba yakhe ayilandisayo. Namuhla, sekunamacwecwe anamaculo ayimizila eli-10 kuya kweli-14, amanye ayeqeyo imizuzu emithathu. Nakuba kunezinhlobo zikaMasikandi, ukuhkangana kwezinsimbi kuhlezi lifana kuzo zonke. Lokhu kwenziwa ngabomu ukuze umculo unlike kweminye. Lapho ulalela uMaskandi, izinsimbi ezizwakalyo zihkanganisa lezi:

  • "Inkostina" (Ngokuvamile concertina enamaqhosha angama-20 yamaNgisi, enomvuno G/C edlalwa ngokwendlela kaMaskandi). Iphutha elenziwa abaningi ukuthi bahlonze inkostina bethi yiaccordion. Ngokuvamile accordion iitholakala emculweni wabeSuthu, futhi inkulu ngobungako kuneNkositina futhi inomsindo ophezulu.
  • "Isiginxi somyamuko". Kuwo wonke amaqembu kaMaskandi kushaywa isiginxi somyamuko sihlatshwa ngesigqi esiyingayizivele. Isiginxi siphinde kube yisoba esihola iqembu lezinsimbi zomculo zonke, futhi kumele zihambisane naso, zivume kanye naso. Ngokuvamile, isithupha nomkhothi iyona minwe esebenza kakhulu lapho kudlalwa uMasikandi njengoba kubikwa ukuthi indlela yokudla lomculo idinga ubuchule ngoba inzima kumshayi siginxi. Ezweni eziningi, umshayi siginxi kuMaskandi luvame ukuba umculi ophambili weqembu.
  • "Isiginxi sembodlongo", noma "isiginxi seBhesi". Siyingxenye yeculo likaMaskandi njengoba Umculo kaMasikandi uncike nasebichuoeni bomsindo wezinsimbi zembodlongo. Lesi siginxi sidlalwa ngendlela esheshayo nangamandla kodwa sikhipha umsindo omnandi Uma sishaywa ngemizwelo nangomuzwa okahle.
  • Uqwembe lwezinsimbi/isihlanganisi
  • Izigubhi
  • "Abavumayo" noma abavumi, okuvame ukuba amagidangoma, bayisici eaibalulekile kumculo oaMasikandi, futhi awuphelele Uma bengekho. Ngenxa yokuthi uMasikandi umculo wemizwa nothinta umuntu, abavumi umsebenzi wabo ukwendlalela umuzwa wengoma, ingakho kuthiwa "bauvuma ingoma".

Uhlobo lomculo

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Iculo likaMaskandi ngokwenkambiso kulula ukulihlukanisa ngezinsimbi zomculo ezibizwa ("izihlabo"), ezivame ukudlalwa ngesigingci somyamuko noma inkositina, esidala umvumo ekuqaleni kwelculo ngalinye. Izihlabo ziyisingeniso seculo, futhi ibomu lazo ukwenza umshayi wesigingci agqame aqhakambise ikhono lakhe ngokuthi adonse umnako wezethameli nezihlwele. Ngenxa yalokho, abaculi bakaMaskandi ngokwenkambiso izigingxi zabo azihlela ngendlela ehlukile, ngokulalela izihlabo kwenza kube lula ukuba olalele aqagele ngokunembile ubuhlonzi beqembu noma umculi. Izihlabo ngokuvamile zidlalwa ngomnkenenezo osheshayo, ongeyona ingxenye yeculo noma ongahambisani nesigqi seculo. Ukudlala izihlabo kungafaniswa nalapho umlingisi ezilungiselela ukuba ngumlingiswa eshashalazini.[citation needed]

Iculo likaMaskandi, livame ukuba namazwi akhulunywa ngokusheshayo asankondlo ewukuzibongela ngesiZulu, noma "izibongo". Isiqikili sazo akukhona ukuzibongela njalo, futhi ngnxa yethonya leminye imiculo efana ne-pop, i-house, abaculi bakaMaskandi, bafaka namagama axoxa indaba noma aphawula ngokwenzeka ezweni njalo njalo, sekuyinjwayelo ukuthi umculi asho okuthile kunokuzibongela yena. Esinye isici somculo kaMaskandi umdwambu ongokwemvelo womculi oholayo. In Maskandi music, it is not uncommon for songs to "sound the same", yet the music consumption does not necessarily decrease. Fundamentally Maskandi is about telling stories and providing a window to the lead singer's soul. It is largely about the message carried in the songs and music, and this is why it is considered the same as listening to soul or blues music.[citation needed] Early 2000s there was a new artist introduced called Mtshengiseni Gcwensa (late) who started music with his friend Mgqumeni Khumalo (late). They both introduced many styles in this industry which made upcoming artists look up to them.[citation needed]

Composer Darius Brubeck described the maskandi as "a performer of neo-traditional Zulu instrumental music. Etymologically the word derives from the Afrikaans musikante (musicians). KwaZulu Natal, a province of South Africa where I have lived and worked for the past decade, is home to literally thousands of 'Maskandis', who have developed a rich musical repertoire employing a special style of guitar playing."[10]

Izindondo

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Umcimbi wezindondo zomculo waseNingizimu Afrika owaziwa ngokuthi yi-South African Music Awards (SAMA), uyazama omaiskandi ngoba abanye sebeka basizithola lezi zindondo. Uhlobo uluningi lwemiculo wesintu okubalwa nomculo kamasikandi awukutholi ukugqanyiswa njengezinye izinhlobo zomculo kulezi zindondo . Yingakho kwasungulwa izindondo ezibhekiswe ngqo emculweni wesintu lezi zindondo ziqhakambisa igalelo labaculi bomculo wesintu wezinhlanga ezahlukahlukene. Umcimbi walezi zindondo ubizwa ngokuthi i-South African Traditional Music Achievment Awrds (SATMA Awards) ubanjwa minyaka yonke. Kukhona ezinye izindondo ezasungulwa zibizwa nhgokuthi amaNtshontsho kaMasikandi Awards kulelezi zindondo kuqhakambiswa futhi kugqanyiswa igalelo lomasikandi emculweni kamasikandi. Lezi zindondo zibanjwa minyaka yonke esifundazweni saKwaZulu-Natali ngoba yikuso lesi sufundazwe lapho kunabalandel abaningi bomculo kamasikandi.

Ukugqama eNingizimu Afrika

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Ngenkathi kungenwa onyakeni we-2017 kwaqopheka umlando, ngoba ingoma okwangenwa ngayo kuwo lonyaka kwaba ngeyamasikandi. Ukuhlukana konyaka we-1-6 sekungena owe-1-7 kwangenwa ngengoma ethi Siyobulal' uVan Dammne eculwa nguMroza Mkhathazi. Lo nyaka (2017) abathandi bamasikandi bawafunga ngokuthi unyaka wamabhinca ngoba phela kwaba kungenwe kuwo ngengoma kamasikandi. Lokhu kudla kwaleli culo lika masikandi umhlangananiso kwalinyusa idumela lalomculo ebantwini abaningi baseNingizimu Afrika, nababengawunakile bawunaka .

Abaculi baMaskandi abagqamile

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Amaphatho

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  1. ↑ Digital News, SABC (20 March 2019). "Maskandi artists ask govt to turn Phuzushukela's home into museum". SABC News. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 8 April 2024.
  2. ↑ Busi Mhlongo, South Africa's urban punk king, Nombuso Mathibela, Pan-African Music, 16 March 2022
  3. ↑ Maskandi 101, Cape Talk, Mmakgomo Tshetlo, 5 April 2017
  4. ↑ Walking like a crab': Analyzing maskanda music in post-apartheid South Africa, Barbara Titus, Ethnomusicology, 2013
  5. ↑ Traditionsl Music South Africa (7 Nhlolanja 2013). "Traditional South African Zulu Music". Archived from the original on 2021-01-10. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 14 Nhlolanja 2019. Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help)
  6. ↑ Afro Pop Worldwide (14 Mfumfu 2007). "What is Maskanda". EGoli. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 15 Nhlolanja 2019. Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help)
  7. ↑ Gumede Bongiwe (08 Ndasa 2017). "How Maskandi Continuesto Tell Our Tales". Kulandwe ngomhlaka 14 Nhlolanja 2019. Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help)[dead link]
  8. ↑ "ETHEKWINI ONLINE: The official site of Durban, South Africa - Zulu Contemporary". March 8, 2005. Archived from the original on 2005-03-08.
  9. ↑ Tolsi, Niren (15 May 2006). "Mhlongo Maskandi". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 8 April 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ SAMRO (Southern African Music Rights Organisation) SCORES: Darius Brubeck-The Maskanda: 1992: ISBN 0869645870
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