IsiCikizi

A Colossus Mark 2 computer being operated by Dorothy Du Boisson (left) and Elsie Booker (right), 1943

Purple video game console with attached controller

Smartphone with rainbow-like display held in a hand

IziCikizi nezilekeleli zezinkathi ezingafani.
Top row: Automatic mechanical calculator (1820) (Difference Engine), First-generation computer (Colossus computer)
Middle row: Early vacuum tube computer (ENIAC), Supercomputer (IBM Summit)
Bottom row: Video game console (Nintendo GameCube), Smartphone (LYF Water 2)

IsiCikizi inguxa yezezibhangqiwe yamazuba engahleleliswa ukuba yenze uchunge lwezibalonqangi nemigidingo ehluzekile ngenhleleleko. Izicikizi zanamuhla zingenza imigidingo engamaqoqo avamile eyaziwa ngokuthi izinhleleliso. Lezinhleleliso zinikeza isiCikizi igunya lokwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Isimiso sesiCikizi siyisicikizi esiphelele esihlanganisa nezinye izinsiza ezidingekayo, njengehlelomgidingo ukuze sikwazi ukugidinga ngokugcwele. Legama libuye libhekisele eqoqweni leziCikizi ezixhunywe ukuba zisebenze ndawonye, njengoXhoxho lweziCikizi noma isishomo seziCikizi.

Intertec Superbrain
IsiCikizi Aspire se-Acer

Imikhiqizo ehlukile yezezimboni neyabakhozi isebenzisa izicikizi njengezimiso zokulawula. Izilekeleli zenjongo ecacile njengechadaza (microwave oven) nezilawuli kude(remote controls) ziyabalwa, kanjalo nezilekeleli zomkhando ezifana nezithununu zezimboni kanye nomklamo osizwa isicikizi, kuhlanganise nezilekeleli zenjongo ebanzi ezifana nesicikizi somuntu siqu nezilekeleli eziphathwayo (mobile devices) njengoMakhalipha (smartphone). Izicikizi zifukutha uxhakaxholo ngokukhongca izigidigidi zezinye izicikizi nabazisebenzisayo.

Izicikizi zokuqala zazihloselwe ukusetshenziselwa uqaqululo (calculations) kuphela. Izinsiza ezifana ne-abacus sezisize abantu ekwenzeni uqaqululo kusuka endulo. Ekuqaleni kwenguquko yezimboni, izilekeleli zezinguxa zakhiwa ukuze zihleleleke (automate) imisebenzi emide ekhathazayo, njengokuqondisa isifanelo sesilukisi (loom). Izinguxa zamazuba zazenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yoqaqululo lwenzuko (analog calcuations) ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Izinguxa eziqaqululayo zamazuba zezezibhangqiwe zokuqala zakhiwa ngesikhathi sempi yomhlaba yesibili.

uMsuka wegama

Igama elithi "isicikizi" lisuselwa esenzweni sokucikiza, esinencazelo yokuqala esho "ukubhala", eyesibili isho "ukuhlaziya, ukuxazulula inkinga," njengalapho umuntu ecikiza isibalonqangi sezibalo. Liyafaneleka lelibizo uma linesiqalo esithi 'isi' ngokwezigaba zamabizo. Umuntu ocikizayo yena uzoba "uMcikizi".

Kubikwa ukuthi izicikizi zokuqala kwakungabantu, ikakhulu abesifazane, kwakuba yibo izicikizi ngoba babeholelwa imali encane kunabesilisa. Cishe ngonyaka we-1943, iningi lezicikizi ezingabantu kwakungabesifazane.

Computer - isiCikizi
Compute - UkuCikiza
Human computer - UmCikizi
Computation - Umcikizo

uMlando

Ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20

Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, kuye kwasetshenziswa iziLekeleli ekucikizeni, ikakhulu ukubala ngeminwe. Isilekeleli sokubala sokuqala kungenzeka kwakunguthi lokubala. Kamuva izinsiza zokugcina izibalo kulo lonke elaseMpuma ephakathi zazihlanganisa izingcezu zobumba, okwakubalwa ngazo ukudla okusanhlamvu, imfuyo, ezazigcinea emagobongweni aluhoshoba adikiselwe.

isihlohlo sokubala saseShayina. Inani elivezwe kulesihlohlo izi-6,302,715,408.

Isihlohlo i-Abacus sasungulelwa ukwenza imisebenzi yezobalonqangi. Isihlohlo saseRoma sathuthukiswa eziklamweni zaseBhabhiloni cishe ngowezi-2400 BCE.

Inguxa i-Antikithera kukholwa ukuba iyisicikizi senzuko esiguxazelayo esaziwayo, ngokuka Derek J. de Solla Price.^[1] Lenguxa yayiklanyelwe ukuqaqulula ukuma kwezinkanyezi. Yavubukulwa ngowei-1901 ekuphahlazekeni kwase-Antikithera eduze naseGrisi.^[2]

IsiCikizi sokuqala

Isazobe sengxenye yesilumbamdiki somehluko sikaCharles Babbage

Isilumbamdiki somehluko sesi-2 engqalabeni ebizwa Intellectual Ventures ese-Seattle

UCharles Babbage, wayengumngcikishi wezinguxanguxa neSazikwasani esaqhamuka nesicabango sesicikizi esihlelelisekwayo. Uthathwa "njengengqalabutho yesiCikizi",^[3] uyena owacabanga futhi waqamba isicikizi esiyinguxa sokuqala.

Izinhlobo

IziCikizi zingajinjwa ngezindlela ezihlukene, ezihlanganisa elandelayo:

Ngokwesakhiwo

Isicikizi senzuko - analog computer
Isicikizi sezibhangqiwe - Digital computer
Isicikizi esxubile - Hybrid computer
Isakhiwo saseHarvard - Harvard architecture
Isicikizi semiyalo eyinkiya - Complex instruction set computer
Isicikizi semiyalo encishisiwe - Reduced instruction set computer

Ngokobungako, isici nebomu

IsiCikizikhulu - Supercomputer
Isicikizimqoka - Mainframe computer
Minicomputer (term no longer used),^[4] Midrange computer
Isiphakeli - Server
- Isiphakeli esiyisihlohlo - Rackmount server
- Isiphakeli esiyicembe - Blade server
- Isiphakeli esiludlomothi - Computer tower
Isicikizi somuntusiqu - Personal computer
- Workstation
  - Isicikizi sasekhaya - Home computer (igama elingasasebenzi)^[5]
- Isicikizi sesinabalala - Desktop computer
  - Isicikizi esiludlomothi - Computer tower
  - Slimline desktop
    - Isicikizi sokudlala - Gaming computer
  - Isicikizi somsubo - All-in-one PC
  - Isicikizi esincane - Nettop, Mini PC
  - Isicikizi seschofo - Keyboard computer
  - Isicikizi esiphathwayo - Portable computer
  - Isilekeleli soxhakaxholo - Internet appliance
- Isicikizi esigonwayo - Laptop computer
- Isicikizi sikamakhalekhukhwini - Mobile computer
  - Isicikizi esiyisibhebhe - Tablet computer
  - UMakhalipha - Smartphone
  - Ultra-mobile PC
  - Pocket PC
  - Isicikizi sentende - Palmtop PC
  - Isicikizi sesandla - Handheld PC
  - Isicikizi sasekhukhwini - Pocket computer
- Isicikizi esigqokwayo - Wearable computer
  - Isithuba esithatha - Smartwatch
  - Izibuko Esithatha - Smartglasses
Isicikizi soqwembelunye - Single-board computer
Isicikizi sesiqhaza - Plug computer
Isicikizi sothi - Stick PC
Isicikizi engosini - Computer-on-module
Uhlelo engosini - System on module
Uhlelo esishuquleni - System in a package
Uhlelo ezubeleni - System-on-chip (lwaziwa nangokuthi isidludlungi sehlelokusebenza lapho ongekho intandelo yomsakazo)

Izigcoyi nezinhlelo

Umbukiswano oveza izigcoyi ezivamile zesicikizi.

Ibizo elithi izigcoyi lihlanganisa zonke izigcoyi noma izingxenye zesicikizi eziphathekayo nezingokoqobo. Izintandelo, amazubela wesicikizi, amakhadi wezifanekiso, amakhadi womsindo, isikhumbuli, uqwembe olumqoka, izihenqo, izihlinzeki ngamandla, izindophi, amaqwembe wokuqhofoza, izishicileli, nezikhwence okuyiziklamo ezifakwayo, konke lokhu kuyozigcoyi.

Imithombo

↑ The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project Archived 28 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine., The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
↑ Marchant, Jo (1 November 2006). "In search of lost time". Nature 444 (7119): 534–538. Bibcode 2006Natur.444..534M. doi:10.1038/444534a. PMID 17136067.
↑ Halacy, Daniel Stephen (1970). Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer. Crowell-Collier Press. ISBN 978-0-02-741370-0.
↑ "Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.
↑ "Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.

[1] The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project Archived 28 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine., The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 1 July 2007.

[2] Marchant, Jo (1 November 2006). "In search of lost time". Nature 444 (7119): 534–538. Bibcode 2006Natur.444..534M. doi:10.1038/444534a. PMID 17136067.

[3] Halacy, Daniel Stephen (1970). Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer. Crowell-Collier Press. ISBN 978-0-02-741370-0.

[4] "Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.

[5] "Google Books Ngram Viewer". books.google.com.

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