Inhlwa yevanga

INhlwa yevanga iwuhlobo lwechwe elinesibalo esithile seziNelesi enuzini yalo, ihlanganisa nesiqa esicwebile esiqukethe lolohlobo kuphela. Ngokungafani nemixube yevanga, izinhlwa zevanga azinakuwohlozeka zibe ezinye iziqa. Inani lezinelesi enuzini yisona sakhi esichasisa inhlwa, futhi kubhekiselwa kulo ngokuthi inani lobuchwe - wonke amachwe enani lobuchwe elifanayo angamachwe enhlwa efanayo. Cishe lonke uTho lobunkindisi kumkhathilibe lwakhiwa izinhlwa zevanga. Lapho izinhlwa ezingafani zibhekana nokusabela kwevanga, amachwe ahleleka kabusha abe yimixube emisha ebanjwe ndawonye izibhonqi zevanga. Zimbalwa izinhlwa ezitholakala zingaxubene nezinye futhi zicwebe njengezimbiwa zemvelo, iCwebe neMbedu. Zonke ezinye izinhlwa zitholakala kuNomkhubulwane ziyimixube noma izimvange. Umoya ngokuyinhloko uyinhlanganisela yezinhlwa iNihwe, isOhwe nesAlahwe, nakuba uqukethe imixube ehlanganisa umCalahle ontuhlambili namanzi.

Umlando wokuvubukulwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlwa waqala emiphakathini yakudala yabantu eyaqala ngokuvubukula izimbiwa ezifana noMcalahle, Isibabuli, usoklele nemBedu (nakuba isicabango senhlwa sasingakaqondwa). Imizamo yokujinja izinhlwa ezifana nalezi yaphumela esicabangweni sezinhlwa zakudala, ubuthakathi, kanye neminye imibono efanayo ekhona emlandweni. Imvama yokuqondwa kwanamuhla kwezinhlwa yathuthuka kusuka emsebenzini kaDimitri Mendele, umthaki waseRashiya owashicilela icansi lezinhlwa lokuqala elaziwayo ngonyaka we-1869. Leli cansi lihlela izinhlwa ngokukhuphuka kwenani lobuchwe kube izinhlu ("periods") lapho imiqobe ("groups") ecobelelana khona ("periodic") ngezakhi zokubumbeka nezakhi zevanga. Icansi lezinhlwa lifingqa izakhi ezihlukene zezinhlwa, okuvumela abathaki batomule ukuhlobana phakathi kwazo futhi babikezele ngemixube emisha engase yenzeke.

Incaziso

Izinhlwa zevanga eziluhlengesi yiHwanzi neHwelanga, zombili ezidalwa ukusabela okwenzeka endeni yokuQhuma okuKhulu, emva kwemizuzu engama-20 yokuzalwa koMkhathilibe, kanye namachaphaza wezinhlwa ezimbili ezilandelayo, okungumThanya neBehlezani. Cishe zonke ezinye izinhlwa ezisemvelweni zadalwa izinqubo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene zokulumbanisa iNuzi. Emhlabeni, ngamanani amancane wamaChwe amasha akhiqizeka ngokwemvelo ngokusabela okwenzeka enuzini, noma imidludlungu yasemkhathini. Amachwe amasha aphinde akhiqizeke emhlabeni njengamaChembe wemisebe yokubucuka kokuyonzeka okuqhubekayo okufana nokubucuka kokuqala, ukubucuka kwesibili Kanye nengxubano engalindelwe, ukubucuka kwesixheke kanye nezinye izindlela zokubucuka eziyivela kancane.

Ezinhlweni ezingama-94 ezitholakala ngokwemvelo, lezo ezinenani lobuchwe kusuka kwelilodwa kuya kwangama-82, ngawodwa cishe anechembe elilodwa elizinzile (ngaphandle komThanyambi, inhlwa yama-43 kanye nomPhomethimbi, inhlwa yama-61, zombili ezingenawo amachembe azinzile). AmaChembe athathwa njengazinzile yilawo okungakabonwa kubucuka okuyonzayo kuwo. Izinhlwa ezinenani lobuchwe kusuka kwelangama-83 kuya kwelengama-94 zona azizinzile neze kuze kube sezingeno lapho ukubucuka okuyonzayo kwawo wonke amachembe kuhlongeka kalula. Ezinye zalezi zinhlwa, ngokuphawulekayo iBima (inani lobuchwe elingama-83), isiThomsizi (inani lobuchwe elingama-90) kanye neShaqantuva (inani lobuchwe elingama-92), zinechembe elilodwa noma ukweqa elinempilo eyisigamu eyanele ukuphila njengezinsalela zokuqhuma komlumbanisonuzi (nucleosynthesis) wenkanyezi okwakhiqiza izinkimbi ezinzima ngaphambi kokudalwa kohlelo lozungezolanga lwethu. Ngeminyaka eyizi-1019 eziphindwe ngo-1.9, okuyiminyaka engaphezu kwaleyo yomkhathilibe wethu ngobudala, iBima-209 ( inani lobuchwe elingama-83 ) linokubucuka kokuqala obude bempilo-sigamu obaziwayo kunanoma iyipho inhlwa etholakala ngokwemvelo, futhi uhlezi ubhekwa njengofana nezinhlwa ezingama-80 ezizinzileyo. Izinhlwa ezinzima kakhulu (lezo ezilandela imPulu, inhlwa yama-94) zibhekana nokubucuka okuyonzayo ngezimpilo-sigamu ezilufuphi kakhulu futhi ezingatholakali emvelweni kudingeka zilumbaniswe.

Inani lobuchwe

Main article: Inani lobuchwe

Inani lobuchwe lenhlwa lilingana nenani lezinelesi zechwe ngalinye, futhi yilona elichasisa inhlwa.^[1] Ngokwesibonelo, wonke amaChwe womCalahle aqukethe izinelesi eziyisi-6 enuzini lechwe; ngakho inani lobuchwe lomCalahle yisi-6.^[2] AmaChwe womCalahle kungenzeka abe namanani wezintunge ahlukile; amachwe wenhlwa efanayo anamanani wezintunge ezihlukile aziwa ngokuthi amaChembe wenhlwa.^[3]

Inani lezinelesi enuzini lechwe libuye linqume umlelesa, wona onquma inani lezinzuba zechwe esimweni salo sokuhonyozeka. Izinzuba zigcinwa ekuzungezeni ichwe okuyinto enquma izakhi zevanga ezihlukene zechwe. Inani lezintunge enuzini imvama alinawo umthelela omkhulu ezakhini zevanga zenhlwa. Ngaleyondlela , wonke amaChembe womCalahle acishe abe nezakhi zevanga ezifanayo ngokuba wonke anezinelesi eziyisi-6 nezinzuba eziyisi-6, nakuba amachwe womCalahle engaba nezintunge eziyisi-6 noma isi-8. Ingakho inani lobuchwe, kunenani lesisindo noma ubunzima bechwe, lithathwa njengenkondolo ehlonzayo lenhlwa yevanga.

Uphawu lwenani lobuchwe ngu- Z.

AmaChembe

Main article: IChembe

Amachembe angamachwe wenhlwa efanayo (enenani lezinelesi elifanayo enuzini lechwe), kodwana anenani elihlukile lezintunge. Ngokwesibonelo, ingakho kunamachembe amathathu ayinhloko womCalahle. Wonke amaChwe womCalahle anezinelesi eziyisi-6 enuzini, kodwa angaba nezintunge eziyisi-6, isi-7 noma isi-8. Njengoba amanani esisindo awo kuyi-12, i-13 ne-14 ngokulandelana, amaChembe amathathu womCalahle azowa ngokuthi umCalahle we-12, umCalahle we-13 nomCalahle we-14, futhi afinyezwa kanje ¹²C, ¹³C, and ¹⁴C. UmCalahle wansuku zonke nalowo womchazaziqa uyingxube yo ¹²C (okungaba 98.9%), ¹³C (okungaba 1.1%) kanye nokungaba ichwe elilodwa kwayisigidi wo ¹⁴C.

Icansi lezinhlwa

Icansi elilandelayo liveza izinhlwa ezaziwayo eziyi-118.

Inhlwa	ngesiNgisi (IUPAC)	Uphawu	Inombolo yobuchwe	Isisindo sobuchwe [u]	isiLuthi [kg/m³] (20 °C)	Ekuncibilikeni (°C)	Ekudlidlizeni (°C)	uNyaka wokuvubululwa	umVubululi
IsAcagu	actinium	Ac	89	227,03	10070	1047	3197	1899	Debierne
IsAlumbe	aluminium	Al	13	26,98	2700	660,5	2467	1825	Ørsted
IsAmoshi	americium	Am	95	243,06	13670	994	2607	1944	Seaborg
IsiBidani	antimony	Sb	51	121,75	6690	630,7	1750	zamani	(?)
IsAlahwe	argon	Ar	18	39,94	1,66	-189,4 −189,4	-185,9 −185,9	1894	Ramsay, Strutt
IsAsumu	arsenic	As	33	74,92	5720	613 ²⁾	613 ²⁾	11. Jhd.	Albertus Magnus
IsAtsha	astatine	At	85	209,99		302	337	1940	Segrè
umBhanya	barium	Ba	56	137,33	3650	725	1640	1808	Davy
ImBeke	berkelium	Bk	97	247,07	13250	986		1949	Seaborg
IBehlezani	beryllium	Be	4	9,01	1850	1278	2970	1797	Vauquelin
IBima	bismuth	Bi	83	208,98	9800	271,4	1560	1540	Agricola
Umthofu	lead	Pb	82	207,2	11340	327,5	1740	zamani	(?)
IBhohombi	bohrium	Bh	107	262,12				1976	Oganessian
umBohlwa	boron	B	5	10,81	2460	2300	2550	1808	Davy, Gay-Lussac
UmBhulufu	bromine	Br	35	79,90	3140	-007,3−7,3	58,8	1826	Balard
UmKhathofi	cadmium	Cd	48	112,41	8640	321	765	1817	Stromeyer und Hermann
UmCanga	cesium	Cs	55	132,91	1900	28,4	690	1860	Kirchhoff, Bunsen
UmCaphana	calcium	Ca	20	40,078	1540	839	1487	1808	Davy
UmNgcalife	californium	Cf	98	251,08	15100	900		1950	Seaborg
IShambe	cerium	Ce	58	140,11	6770	798	3257	1803	von Hisinger, Berzelius
IChwenzi	chlorine	Cl	17	35,45	2,95	-101−101	-034,6 −34,6	1774	Scheele
UmChiyangqwala	chromium	Cr	24	52,00	7140	1857	2482	1797	Vauquelin
UmConjambi	cobalt	Co	27	58,933	8890	1495	2870	1735	Brandt
IChumumbi	curium	Cm	96	247,07	13510	1340	3110	1944	Seaborg
IDamasimbi	darmstadtium	Ds	110	269				1994	GSI
UmDubumbi	dubnium	Db	105	262,11				1967/70	Ghiorso
UmDanyathofi	dysprosium	Dy	66	162,5	8560	1409	2335	1886	Lecoq de Boisbaudran
IsEntshenye	einsteinium	Es	99	252,08		860		1952	Seaborg
Insimbi	iron	Fe	26	55,85	7870	1535	2750	zamani	(?)
INdwembi	erbium	Er	68	167,26	9050	1522	2510	1842	Mosander
UmNulundu	europium	Eu	63	151,96	5250	822	1597	1901	Demarçay
UmFeme	fermium	Fm	100	257,10				1952	Seaborg
UFusihwe	flourine	F	9	19,00	1,58	-219,6−219,6	-188,1 −188,1	1886	Moissan
IShabalalambi	francium	Fr	87	223,02		27	677	1939	Perey
UmGedembulu	gabolinium	Gd	64	157,25	7890	1311	3233	1880	de Marignac
UmGambana	gallium	Ga	31	69,72	5910	29,8	2403	1875	Lecoq de Boisbaudran
UmGwangaza	germanium	Ge	32	72,61	5320	937,4	2830	1886	Winkler
iMbedu	gold	Au	79	196,97	19320	1064,4	2940	zamani	(?)
UmHlafantunge	Hafnium	Hf	72	178,49	13310	2150	5400	1923	Coster, de Hevesy
UmHasambi		Hassium	108	265,00				1984	GSI
IHwelanga	Helium	He	2	4,00	0,170	-272,2−272,2	-268,9 −268,9	1895	Ramsay, Crookes
UmHomambi	holmium	Ho	67	164,93	8780	1470	2720	1878	Soret
IHwanzi	hydrogen	H	1	1,01	0,084	-259,1 −259,1	-252,9 −252,9	1766	Cavendish
INzulumbi	indium	In	49	114,82	7310	156,2	2080	1863	Reich, Richter
Inkwithi	iodine	I	53	126,90	4940	113,5	184,4	1811	Courtois
Imbidi	iridium	Ir	77	192,22	22560	2410	4130	1803	Tennant
UmKhosha	potassium	K	19	39,098	860	63,7	774	1807	Davy
UmCalahle	carbon	C	6	12,011	3510	3550	4827	zamani	(?)
UmKhalahwe	krypton	Kr	36	83,80	3,48	-156,6−156,6	-152,3−152,3	1898	Ramsay, Travers
Usoklele	copper	Cu	29	63,55	8920	1083,5	2595	zamani	(?)
ILalamthumbi	Lanthanum	La	57	138,90	6160	920	3454	1839	Mosander
UmLangalambi	lawrencium	Lr	103	260,10		1627		1961	Ghiorso
UmThanya	Lithium	Li	3	6,94	530	180,5	1317	1817	Arfwedson
UmLuthambi	Lutetium	Lu	71	175,00	9840	1656	3315	1907	von Welsbach, Urbain
UmGethe	Magnesium	Mg	12	24,30	1740	648,8	1107	1828	Bussy
UManyazini	Manganese	Mn	25	54,90	7440	1244	2097	1774	Gahn
UMtshambi	meitnerium	Mt	109	266				1982	GSI
UMendele	Mendelevium	Md	101	258,1				1955	Seaborg
UMophobo	molybdenum	Mo	42	95,94	10280	2617	5560	1778	Scheele
INaside	sodium	Na	11	22,99	970	97,8	892	1807	Davy
INdalamhonyambi	neodyn	Nd	60	144,24	7000	1010	3127	1895	von Welsbach
INkanyihwe	neon	Ne	10	20,18	0,84	-248,7 −248,7	-246,1 −246,1	1898	Ramsay Travers
UmNaphangana	neptunium	Np	93	237,05	20480	640	3902	1940	McMillan Abelson
INimbi	nickel	Ni	28	58,69	8910	1453	2732	1751	Cronstedt
INobo	niobium	Nb	41	92,91	8580	2468	4927	1801	Hatchet
INihwe	nitrogen	N	7	14,01	1,170	-209,9 −209,9	-195,8 −195,8	1771	Scheele
INombi	nobelium	No	102	259,10				1958	Seaborg
UmOsisivu	osmium	Os	76	190,2	22590	3045	5027	1803	Tennant
ImPanda	palladium	Pd	46	106,42	12020	1552	3140	1803	Wollaston
IPholoba	phosphorus	P	15	30,97	1820	44	280	1669	Brand
IKhazi	platinium	Pt	78	195,08	21450	1772	3827	1557	Scaliger
ImPulu	plutonium	Pu	94	244,06	19740	641	3327	1940	Seaborg
ImPosumu	polonium	Po	84	208,98	9200	254	962	1898	Marie Curie
UmPhahlazambi	praseodymium	Pr	59	140,91	6480	931	3212	1895	von Welsbach
UmPhomethimbi	promethium	Pm	61	146,92	7220	1080	2730	1945	Marinsky
UmPhacagu	protactinium	Pa	91	231,04	15370	1554	4030	1917	Fajans Hahn, Meitner
Isigidi	mercury	Hg	80	200,59	13550	-038,9 −38,9	356,6	zamani	(?)
UmSebembi	radium	Ra	88	226,03	5500	700	1140	1898	Marie und Pierre Curie
UmLahwe	radon	Rn	86	222,02	9,23	-071 −71	-061,8 −61,8	1900	Dorn
UMlenembi	rhenium	Re	75	186,21	21030	3180	5627	1925	Noddack, Tacke, Berg
ULundu	rhodium	Rh	45	102,91	12410	1966	3727	1803	Wollaston
ILugambi	Rentgenium	Rg	111	272				1994	GSI
ILubimbo	Rubidium	Rb	37	85,45	1530	39	688	1861	Bunsen, Kirchhoff
ISalanqwali	Ruthenium	Ru	44	101,07	12450	2310	3900	1844	Claus
UmLefelambi	Rutherfordium	Rf	104	261,11				1964/69	Ghiorso
UmSambi	Samarium	Sm	62	150,36	7540	1072	1778	1879	Lecoq de Boisbaudran
IsOhwe	oxygen	O	8	16,00	1,33	-218,4 −218,4	-182,9 −182,9	1774	Priestley, Scheele
IScambi	scandium	Sc	21	44,96	2990	1539	2832	1879	Nilson
Isibabuli	sulfur	S	16	32,07	2060	113	444,7	zamani	(?)
ISigamchibi	seaborgium	Sg	106	263,12				1974	Oganessian
ISewezi	Selenium	Se	34	78,96	4820	217	685	1817	Berzelius
iCwebe	silver	Ag	47	107,87	10490	961,9	2212	zamani	(?)
ISiphemba	silicon	Si	14	28,09	2330	1410	2355	1824	Berzelius
IsiThanambi	tin	Sn	50	118,71	7290	232	2270	zamani	(?)
ISolombi	strontium	Sr	38	87,62	2630	769	1384	1798	Klaproth
UmThulumbi	tantalum	Ta	73	180,95	16680	2996	5425	1802	Ekeberg
UmThanyambi	technetium	Tc	43	98,91	11490	2172	5030	1937	Segrè
InTehla	tellurium	Te	52	127,6	6250	449,6	990	1782	von Reichenstein
UmThabathofi	terbium	Tb	65	158,93	8250	1360	3041	1843	Mosander
UmThohla	thallium	Tl	81	204,38	11850	303,6	1457	1861	Crookes
IsiThomsizi	thorium	Th	90	232,04	11720	1750	4787	1829	Berzelius
UmThuthumbi	thulium	Tm	69	168,93	9320	1545	1727	1879	Cleve
IsinTsazayiya	titanium	Ti	22	47,88	4510	1660	3260	1791	Gregor, Klaproth
IChusinimbi	Copernicium	Uub	112	277				1996	GSI
ILivambi	Livermorium	Uuh	116	289				2000	JINR
IsOgambi	oganesson	Uuo	118	293				2006	JINR
UMcombi	Moscovium	Uup	115	288				2006	JINR
UmFelombi	flerovium	Uuq	114	289				1999	JINR
UmNihombi	nihonium	Uut	113	287				2006	JINR
IShaqantuva	uranium	U	92	238,03	18970	1132,4	3818	1789	Klaproth
UVathofi	vanadium	V	23	50,94	6090	1890	3380	1801	del Río
UmZithowe	tungsten	W	74	183,85	19260	3407	5927	1783	Fausto und Juan de Elhuyar
UmYabambi	ytterbium	Yb	70	173,04	6970	824	1193	1878	de Marignac
UmYambi	yttrium	Y	39	88,91	4470	1523	3337	1794	Gadolin
IZethe	zinc	Zn	30	65,39	7140	419,6	907	zamani	(?)
IXhwe	xenon	Xe	54	131,29	4,49	-111,9 −111,9	-107,0 −107	1898	Ramsay, Travers
IZambedu	zirconium	Zr	40	91,22	6510	1852	4377	1789	Klaproth

Isilulumagama nezimpawu

Izinhlea zevanga ezihlukahlukene zihlonzwa ngokusemthethweni ngamanani azo wobuchwe, amagama azo amukelwayo, kanye nezimpawu zawo ngokwevanga.

Amanani wobuchwe

Izinhlwa ezaziwayo zinamanani wobuchwe aqala kulinye (1) kuya ekhulwini elineshumi nesiphohlongo (118), alotshwa ngezibalonani zase-Arabiya. Njengoba izinhlwa zingakleliswa ngenani lobuchwe, kusuka kweliphansi kuya kweiliphezulu (njengasecansini lobunkathi), ngezinye izikhathi amaqoqo ezinhlwa angahlonzwa ngokuthi kuthiwe, "through", "beyond", or "from ... through", as in "through iron", "beyond uranium", or "from lanthanum through lutetium" .

↑ "Atomic Number and Mass Numbers". ndt-ed.org. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 17 February 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ periodic.lanl.gov. "Periodic Table of Elements: LANL Carbon". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 17 February 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Katsuya Yamada. "Atomic mass, isotopes, and mass number" (PDF). Los Angeles Pierce College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[1] "Atomic Number and Mass Numbers". ndt-ed.org. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 17 February 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[2] riodic.lanl.gov. "Periodic Table of Elements: LANL Carbon". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 17 February 2013. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[3] Katsuya Yamada. "Atomic mass, isotopes, and mass number" (PDF). Los Angeles Pierce College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

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